EXSS 181 Exam 1 Questions and Answers

Sport and Exercise psychology - ANSWER scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts/practical application of that knowledge Two Objectives of Sport/Exercise Psychology - ANSWER - Understand how psychological factors affect an individual's physical performance - Understand how participation in sport affects person's psychological development Behavior Function - ANSWER B=f(P,E) Behavior is a function of the person and environment Ways of Knowing: Pros and Cons - ANSWER 1. Common Sense Strengths = easy, quick Limitations: not based on experience or data, great chance of being wrong 2. Practical Experience Strengths: holistic, immediate, innovative Limitations: fails to explain mechanisms, susceptible to bias 3. Science Strengths: reliable, objective Limitations: reductionistic, slow to evolve, not always practical Periods of Sport Psych - ANSWER 1) Early Years - decided the field was worth investigating, psychology was somewhat new 2) Griffith Era - Coleman Griffith, first Sports Psychologist, lab at University of Illinois, studies athletes there 3) Preparation for the Future - Franklin Henry establishes grad program, 4) Establishment of Academic Branch - 1st NAPSPA conference, build upon other's knowledge 5) Multidisciplinary Research 6) Current Era Norman Triplett - ANSWER studied social facilitation of bikers, whether they rode faster with others around Coleman Griffith - ANSWER father of modern sport psych, made 1st research lab ABC's of sport psych - ANSWER A - affect (how we feel) B- behavior (effort/motivation/performance) C- cognition (why do people choke, self-referential thoughts) Affect vs. Emotion vs. Mood - ANSWER Affect: how we feel generally, positive vs. negative Emotion: combination of affect and behavior, directed at particular stimulus Mood: how we express emotion/affect Hollander's Model of Personality - ANSWER Psychological core: most basic/deepest level (attitudes, values, interests, beliefs), most stable Typical Responses: how we respond to environment Role-related behavior: how we act based on perceptions/situation, may conflict behaviorally Psychodynamic Approach - ANSWER freud, emphasis on unconscious determinants, id ego and superego, understand as a whole rather than isolated traits, not commonly used anymore Trait Approach - ANSWER traits are consistent (behavior similar from one situation to next) and generalizable (behave similarly across contexts). CON: weak predictor of behavior, people don't always act the same way Situation Approach - ANSWER behavior determined by situation or environment, learn behavior via rewards and punishments. CON: doesn't consider traits, simplistic Social Learning Theory - ANSWER people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning/modeling Interactional Approach - ANSWER situation and traits together lead to behavior (B=f(P,E)), Phenomenological Approach - ANSWER similar to interactional approach however considers person's understanding and subjective interpretations of oneself and environment motivation - ANSWER direction (seeking out situations) and intensity (how much) of effort Interactional View - ANSWER how traits and situations work together to form motivational behaviors achievement motivation - ANSWER orientation to strive for success, persist in face of failure, and take pride in achieving excellence Need Achievement Theory - ANSWER interactional view that consists of personality and situational factors (probability of success vs. incentive value), resultant tendencies, emotional reactions, and achievement- related behaviors