NR 507 midterm Questions & Answers

NR 507 midterm Questions & Answers Hives (urticaria) are an example of a: Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Anaphylaxis is what type of reaction? type 1 hypersensitivity Which of the following are considered the "first responders" of the innate immune system? neutrophils Allergic contact dermatitis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction. type 4 hypersensitivity reaction Type 2 (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by: IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE Allergic asthma is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction type 2 hypersensitivity tissue specific Primary effector cells of type 2 macrophages Examples of type 2 reactions drug allergies, hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion mismatch, allergies against infectious agents Type 2 causes The cell to be destroyed by the antibody Cell destruction through phagocytosis by macrophages Damage to the cell by neutrophils triggering phagocytosis Natural killer cells to release toxic substances that destroy the target cell Malfunction of the cell without destruction Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction antigen-antibody response Where does the antibody bind to the antigen in type 3 response? in blood or body fluids and then circulates to tissue Where does the antibody bind to the antigen in type 1, 2, and 4? on cell surface Primary effector cell in type 3 neutrophils example of type 3 reaction serum sickness type 4 hypersensitivity reaction cell-mediated response primary mediators of type 4 lymphocytes and macrophages type 4 mediated by T lymphocytes and do not use antibodies example of type 4 localized contact dermatitis (poison ivy) Damage occurs with ABO incompatibility because: Complement damages RBC membrane causing cell lysis. Which of the following is the underlying pathology for hay fever? mast cell degranulation The diagnosis for an individual who presents to the office with sudden swollen lips and eyes, shortness of breath and throat tightness after a bee sting is: anaphylaxis Which of the following assessment findings would be expected in a patient who presents with urticaria? Eosinophilia. An example of a primary immunodeficiency is: Chronic Granulomatous Disease. what is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide. Malnutrition Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Which is true about a primary immunodeficiency? It is the result of a single gene defect. (genetics) Examples of secondary immunodeficiency HIV, cancer Secondary immunodeficiency caused by external to immune system examples of primary immunodeficiency Chronic granulomatous Disease of Childhood DiGeorge Syndrome Familial Mediterranean fever Job Syndrome Common Variable Immunodeficiency examples of secondary immunodeficiency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Sinus infection Lung cancer Select the best statement below that describes a primary immunodeficiency: Are less common and occur due to a defect on the development of the immune system. Cancer is a secondary immunodeficiency. true Sinusitis is considered a primary immunodeficiency. false A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was admitted to the acute care facility with difficulty breathing. He is diagnosed with Pneumocytis carinii. Pneumocystis carinii an example of: secondary immune disease Which of the following findings can be used to diagnose Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? Facial rash confined to the cheeks. A renal disease most often associated with autoimmunity is Glomerulonephritis. The major immune system change associated with Sjogren's Syndrome is: Autoantibodies and auto-reactive T-cells against apoptotic cells. Which of the following can depress a person's normal immune function? Psychological Stress Which of the following assessment findings would support a diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? Swollen metacarpophalangeal joints. Which of the following statements best describes the symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Tissue inflammation, vasculitis, rash, tissue inflammation. The presence of a low number of autoantibodies is an indicator that the individual will develop an autoimmune disease. false *does not indicate The following immune components can be involved in autoimmune diseases: T-Cells, B-cells and autoantibodies. true Which of the following microcytic anemias is characterized by hyperchromic RBCs? Hereditary spherocytosis. Which of the following is NOT a clinical characteristic of anemia? bradycardia Which of the following is considered a microcytic anemia? Iron deficiency. Which of the following indices measures the average size of red blood cells? Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). What is anemia? reduction in the total number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and/or a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) amount or function Anemia can be caused by 1) impaired RBC production, 2) excessive blood loss, 3) increased RBC destruction OR any combination of the three. Microcytic anemia (MCV<80 fL) describes RBCs that are small. Examples of microcytic anemia Iron deficiency Sideroblastic Thalassemia Anemia of chronic disease Macrocytic anemia (MCV>100 fL) describes RBCs that are large. examples of macrocytic anemia B 12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) folate deficiency Normocytic anemia (MCV 80-99 fL) describes RBCs that are normal in size examples of normocytic anemia Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease hereditary spherocytosis G6PD deficiency paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Hypochromic anemia RBCs with less hemoglobin than normal. As a result, the RBCs appear pale in color (MCHC is low). Hyperchromic anemia RBCs with more hemoglobin than normal. As a result, the RBCs appear a dark hue or red than normal cells (MCHC is high). Normochromic anemia RBCs that have a normal amount of hemoglobin. As a result, the RBCs appear neither pale nor dark (MCHC is normal). Clinical manifestations of anemia Severe fatigue Pallor Weakness Dyspnea Dizziness The terms normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic characterizes red blood cells by their size Which of the following is a type of macrocytic anemia? Vitamin B-12 deficiency. Identification of the type of anemia involves an examination of size of the RBC only. false Which of the following would normocytic-normochromic indicate? The cell is normal in size and normal in hemoglobin level Which of the following anemias can be categorized as microcytic-hypochromic? Sideroblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease. Which of the following conditions could result in iron deficiency anemia? excessive bleeding The most common type of anemia is iron deficiency anemia The treatment of iron deficiency anemia includes: iron supplementation examples of microcytic hypochromic anemia iron deficiency sideroblastic thalassemia examples of microcytic normochromic anemia of inflammation and chronic disease examples of microcytic hyperchromic hereditary spherocytosis Causes of iron deficiency anemia nadequate dietary intake. Chronic and or occult bleeding: hemorrhage, colitis, cirrhosis, GI ulcers, esophageal lesions, or menorrhagia; note that it only takes 2-4 mL (about 1 tsp) of blood loss per day to lose 1-2 mg of iron). Decreased ability to utilize Fe for heme synthesis (e.g. transferrin deficiencies and mitochondrial defects). These are a less common cause of IDA. When iron stores are depleted, the cell's mitochondria are still able to utilize iron effectively due to compensatory mechanisms. false Which of the following are iron rich foods Spinach. Lima beans. Meat. Although less common, transferrin deficiencies and mitochondrial defects can lead to iron deficiency anemia. true A transferrin deficiency will most likely result in: iron-deficiency anemia Folic acid is essential to the body because it: Plays a major role in the maturing of RBCs. A non-megaloblastic anemia would be caused by liver disease A deficiency of intrinsic factor will result in pernicious anemia One of the common precipitating factors of folate deficiency is alcohol abuse. true