ATI Fundamentals for Nursing ATI
2025/2026
Traditional Insurance - ANS-reimburses for services on fee-for-service basis.
Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) - ANS-comprehensive care is overseen by a primary
care provider & focuses on prevention and health promotion
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) - ANS-client chooses from a list of contracted
providers. using non-contracted providers increases the client's out of pocket costs
Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) - ANS-the client chooses from a list of providers
within a contracted organization
Long-Term Care Insurance - ANS-provides for long-term care expenses not covered by
Medicare
Preventive health care - ANS-focuses on educating and equipping clients to reduce and control
risk factors of disease. Examples include immunizations, stress management programs, and
seat belt use
Primary health care - ANS-emphasizes health promotion, and includes prenatal and well-baby
care, nutrition counseling, and disease control. is based on a sustained partnership between
client and provider. examples include office or clinic visits and scheduled school/work centered
screenings (vision, hearing, obesity)
Secondary health care - ANS-includes the diagnosis and treatment of emergency, acute illness,
or injury. examples include care given in hospital settings (inpatient and EDs), diagnostic
centers, or emergent care centers
Tertiary health care - ANS-involves the provision of specialized highly technical care. examples
include oncology centers and burn centers
Restorative health care - ANS-involves intermediate follow-up care for restoring health.
examples include home health care, rehab centers, and skilled nursing facilities
Continuing health care - ANS-designed to address long-term or chronic health care needs.
examples include hospice, adult day care, and in-home respite care
Health care regulatory agencies include: - ANS--US Dept of Health and Human Srvcs
,-US FDA
-State and local public health agencies
-State licensing boards (to ensure providers & agencies comply with state regulations)
-the Joint Commission/JCAHO (set quality standards for accreditation of health care facilities)
-Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs)
-Utilization review committees (monitor for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of hospitalized
clients)
Clergy - ANS-Job: provide spiritual care to client (pastors, rabbis, priests)
Refer to when: the client requests communication or the family asks for prayer prior to client
undergoing a procedure
Registered dietitian - ANS-Job: assess, plan for, and educate the client reg. nutritional needs;
direct care of nutritional aids
Refer to when: ex- the client has low nutrient levels and/or experienced a recent unexplained
weight loss
Lab tech - ANS-Job: obtain specimens of the client's body fluids and perform the necessary
diagnostic tests
Refer to when: ex- the provider orders a CBC to be performed immediately
Occupational therapist - ANS-Job: assess and plan for the client to regain ADLs, esp motor
skills of the upper extremities; direct care of occupational therapy assistants
Refer to when: ex- client has difficulties using an eating utensil with dominate hand following a
stroke
Pharmacist - ANS-Job: provide & monitor meds for the client as prescribed by the provider;
supervises pharm techs in states in which the practice is allowed
Refer to when: client concerns over meds; dosage concerns; etc
Physical Therapist - ANS-Job: assess and plan for client to increase musculoskeletal functions,
esp of lower extremities, to maintain mobility; direct care of physical therapy assistants
Refer to when: ex- following a hip replacement, a client requires assistance learning to ambulate
and regain strength
Provider - ANS-Job: assess, diagnose, and treat cllient for disease and/or injury; includes MDs,
DOs, APNs, and PAs
,Refer to when: ex- client experiences change in vital signs
Rad Tech - ANS-Job: position client and perform x-rays and other imaging procedures for
providers to review for diagnosis of disorders of various body parts
Refer to when: ex- provider orders x-ray of client's hip after a fall
Respiratory therapist - ANS-Job: evaluate resp status and provide prescribed resp treatments
including O2 therapy, chest physiotherapy, inhalation therapy, and artificial mechanical
ventilation
Refer to when: ex- client with resp disease experiences SOB and requests nebulizer treatment
that is ordered PRN
Social Worker - ANS-Job: work with client and client's family by coordinating inpatient and
community resources to meet psychosocial and environmental needs that are necessary for
recovery and/or discharge
Refer to when: ex- client dying of cancer wishes to go home but is unable to perform ADLs; the
spouse needs med equipment in the home to care for client
Speech therapist - ANS-Job: evaluate and make recommendations regarding the functions of
speech, language, and swallowing impacted by various client disorders or injuries; teach client
techniques and exercises to improve function when possible
Refer to when: ex- a client is having difficulty swallowing a regular diet after trauma to the head
and neck
Registered Nurse (RN) - ANS--Functions under state nurse practice laws
-Perform assessments; establish nursing diagnoses, goals, and interventions; conducts ongoing
client evaluations
-Participate in developing interdisciplinary plans for client care
-Share best practices; continuing education
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) - ANS--Works under supervision of the RN
-Collaborate with other team members
-Possess technical knowledge and skills
-Participate in the delivery of nursing care, using the nursing process as a framework
Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP) - ANS--Includes CNAs, CMAs, and non-nursing
personnel
-Work under direct supervision of an RN or LPN
-Specific tasks usually outlined in position description
, -Tasks may including feeding clients, preparing meals, lifting, basic care, measuring & recording
vital signs, and ambulating clients
The foundation of ethics is based on: - ANS-an expected behavior of a certain group in relation
to what is considered right and wrong; it is the study of conduct and character
Morals are: - ANS-the values and beliefs held by people that guide their behaviors and decision
making
Ethical theory examines: - ANS-the different principles, ideas, systems, and philosophies used
to make judgments about what is right/wrong and good/bad
Ethical principles - ANS-standards of what is right/wrong with regard to important social values
and norms
Autonomy - ANS-ability of client to make personal decisions, even when those decisions may
not be in the client's best interest
Beneficence - ANS-agreement that the care given is in the best interest of the client; taking
positive actions to help others
Fidelity - ANS-agreement to keep one's promise to the client about care that was offered
Justice - ANS-fair treatment in matters related to physical and psychosocial care and use of
resources
Nonmaleficence - ANS-avoidance of harm or pain as much as possible when giving treatments
Hospital's ethics committee - ANS-may meet to discuss/resolve unusual or complex ethical
issues; not a legal entity
Ethical dilemmas are: - ANS-problems about which more than one choice can be made and the
choice made is influenced by the values and beliefs of the decision makers
A problem is an ethical dilemma if: - ANS--it cannot be solved solely by a review of scientific
data
-it involves a conflict between two moral imperatives
-the answer will have a profound effect on the situation/client
Steps in ethical decision making - ANS--identify whether or not the issue is indeed an ethical
dilemma
-state the ethical dilemma including all surrounding issues and individuals involved
-list and analyze all possible options for resolving the dilemma and review implications of each
option
2025/2026
Traditional Insurance - ANS-reimburses for services on fee-for-service basis.
Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) - ANS-comprehensive care is overseen by a primary
care provider & focuses on prevention and health promotion
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) - ANS-client chooses from a list of contracted
providers. using non-contracted providers increases the client's out of pocket costs
Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) - ANS-the client chooses from a list of providers
within a contracted organization
Long-Term Care Insurance - ANS-provides for long-term care expenses not covered by
Medicare
Preventive health care - ANS-focuses on educating and equipping clients to reduce and control
risk factors of disease. Examples include immunizations, stress management programs, and
seat belt use
Primary health care - ANS-emphasizes health promotion, and includes prenatal and well-baby
care, nutrition counseling, and disease control. is based on a sustained partnership between
client and provider. examples include office or clinic visits and scheduled school/work centered
screenings (vision, hearing, obesity)
Secondary health care - ANS-includes the diagnosis and treatment of emergency, acute illness,
or injury. examples include care given in hospital settings (inpatient and EDs), diagnostic
centers, or emergent care centers
Tertiary health care - ANS-involves the provision of specialized highly technical care. examples
include oncology centers and burn centers
Restorative health care - ANS-involves intermediate follow-up care for restoring health.
examples include home health care, rehab centers, and skilled nursing facilities
Continuing health care - ANS-designed to address long-term or chronic health care needs.
examples include hospice, adult day care, and in-home respite care
Health care regulatory agencies include: - ANS--US Dept of Health and Human Srvcs
,-US FDA
-State and local public health agencies
-State licensing boards (to ensure providers & agencies comply with state regulations)
-the Joint Commission/JCAHO (set quality standards for accreditation of health care facilities)
-Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs)
-Utilization review committees (monitor for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of hospitalized
clients)
Clergy - ANS-Job: provide spiritual care to client (pastors, rabbis, priests)
Refer to when: the client requests communication or the family asks for prayer prior to client
undergoing a procedure
Registered dietitian - ANS-Job: assess, plan for, and educate the client reg. nutritional needs;
direct care of nutritional aids
Refer to when: ex- the client has low nutrient levels and/or experienced a recent unexplained
weight loss
Lab tech - ANS-Job: obtain specimens of the client's body fluids and perform the necessary
diagnostic tests
Refer to when: ex- the provider orders a CBC to be performed immediately
Occupational therapist - ANS-Job: assess and plan for the client to regain ADLs, esp motor
skills of the upper extremities; direct care of occupational therapy assistants
Refer to when: ex- client has difficulties using an eating utensil with dominate hand following a
stroke
Pharmacist - ANS-Job: provide & monitor meds for the client as prescribed by the provider;
supervises pharm techs in states in which the practice is allowed
Refer to when: client concerns over meds; dosage concerns; etc
Physical Therapist - ANS-Job: assess and plan for client to increase musculoskeletal functions,
esp of lower extremities, to maintain mobility; direct care of physical therapy assistants
Refer to when: ex- following a hip replacement, a client requires assistance learning to ambulate
and regain strength
Provider - ANS-Job: assess, diagnose, and treat cllient for disease and/or injury; includes MDs,
DOs, APNs, and PAs
,Refer to when: ex- client experiences change in vital signs
Rad Tech - ANS-Job: position client and perform x-rays and other imaging procedures for
providers to review for diagnosis of disorders of various body parts
Refer to when: ex- provider orders x-ray of client's hip after a fall
Respiratory therapist - ANS-Job: evaluate resp status and provide prescribed resp treatments
including O2 therapy, chest physiotherapy, inhalation therapy, and artificial mechanical
ventilation
Refer to when: ex- client with resp disease experiences SOB and requests nebulizer treatment
that is ordered PRN
Social Worker - ANS-Job: work with client and client's family by coordinating inpatient and
community resources to meet psychosocial and environmental needs that are necessary for
recovery and/or discharge
Refer to when: ex- client dying of cancer wishes to go home but is unable to perform ADLs; the
spouse needs med equipment in the home to care for client
Speech therapist - ANS-Job: evaluate and make recommendations regarding the functions of
speech, language, and swallowing impacted by various client disorders or injuries; teach client
techniques and exercises to improve function when possible
Refer to when: ex- a client is having difficulty swallowing a regular diet after trauma to the head
and neck
Registered Nurse (RN) - ANS--Functions under state nurse practice laws
-Perform assessments; establish nursing diagnoses, goals, and interventions; conducts ongoing
client evaluations
-Participate in developing interdisciplinary plans for client care
-Share best practices; continuing education
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) - ANS--Works under supervision of the RN
-Collaborate with other team members
-Possess technical knowledge and skills
-Participate in the delivery of nursing care, using the nursing process as a framework
Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP) - ANS--Includes CNAs, CMAs, and non-nursing
personnel
-Work under direct supervision of an RN or LPN
-Specific tasks usually outlined in position description
, -Tasks may including feeding clients, preparing meals, lifting, basic care, measuring & recording
vital signs, and ambulating clients
The foundation of ethics is based on: - ANS-an expected behavior of a certain group in relation
to what is considered right and wrong; it is the study of conduct and character
Morals are: - ANS-the values and beliefs held by people that guide their behaviors and decision
making
Ethical theory examines: - ANS-the different principles, ideas, systems, and philosophies used
to make judgments about what is right/wrong and good/bad
Ethical principles - ANS-standards of what is right/wrong with regard to important social values
and norms
Autonomy - ANS-ability of client to make personal decisions, even when those decisions may
not be in the client's best interest
Beneficence - ANS-agreement that the care given is in the best interest of the client; taking
positive actions to help others
Fidelity - ANS-agreement to keep one's promise to the client about care that was offered
Justice - ANS-fair treatment in matters related to physical and psychosocial care and use of
resources
Nonmaleficence - ANS-avoidance of harm or pain as much as possible when giving treatments
Hospital's ethics committee - ANS-may meet to discuss/resolve unusual or complex ethical
issues; not a legal entity
Ethical dilemmas are: - ANS-problems about which more than one choice can be made and the
choice made is influenced by the values and beliefs of the decision makers
A problem is an ethical dilemma if: - ANS--it cannot be solved solely by a review of scientific
data
-it involves a conflict between two moral imperatives
-the answer will have a profound effect on the situation/client
Steps in ethical decision making - ANS--identify whether or not the issue is indeed an ethical
dilemma
-state the ethical dilemma including all surrounding issues and individuals involved
-list and analyze all possible options for resolving the dilemma and review implications of each
option
