ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
< LATEST VERSION >
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
1. The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER 🗸
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication
and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
2. Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER 🗸 Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
,3. During interphase: - ANSWER 🗸 Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
4. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER 🗸
-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
5. Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER 🗸
-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
6. Signal transduction - ANSWER 🗸 -the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
7. Signal transduction steps - ANSWER 🗸
1. Messages usually sent from outside the cell where the messenger (ligand)
first binds to the cell receptor which extended through the cell membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to join
with another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
,8. Dimerization - ANSWER 🗸
1. Homodimerization: binding with the same type of receptor, such as an
epidermal GF receptor (EGFR) 1 receptor with another EGFR
2. Heterodimerization: binding with a different kind of receptor, such as
EGFR1 binding with EGFR2
9. Protein tyrosine kinases phosphorylates - ANSWER 🗸 -turned on by giving
up a phosphate molecule
-the message is now send via a "bucket bridage", or passing the message
from one molecule to other signaling molecules until the message gets first
into the cell nucleus
-where it is transcribed
10.Pathways - ANSWER 🗸 many pathways and crossalks signaling btw and
among the different pathways, and they all have the power to control cell
behavior in one way or another
11.mitogen-activating protein kinase (Raf-1/MAPK) pathway - ANSWER 🗸 -
shown to decrease the benefits of some cancer drugs
-decrease disease-free survival time in some pts
12.mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) survival pathway - ANSWER 🗸 -
play a role in resistance to some chemotherapy agents in certain pts by
keeping cells that have been exposed to chemotherapy from undergoing
apoptosis
-role in angiogenesis
13.phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) - ANSWER 🗸 -transduction enzymes
that activate Akt, leading to cell survival, increased cell proliferation, and
growith
, 14.Neoadjuvant Treatment - ANSWER 🗸 -treatment given as a first step to
shrink a tumor before the main treatment, usually surgery
-examples: chemo, radiation therapy, hormone therapy
15.Adjuvant therapy - ANSWER 🗸 -additonal cancer treatment given after the
primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer can recur
-Examples: chemo, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or
biologic therapy
16.Dose density - ANSWER 🗸 -refers to the drug dose per unit of time
-reduction of time between treatments to achieve higher concentration than
in a standard treatment plan
17.Dose intensity - ANSWER 🗸 -amount of drug delivered over time
-smaller doses of chemotherapy given more frequently
18.Relative dose intensity (RDI) - ANSWER 🗸 -calculated by comparing the
dose that the pt received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
19.Oral Chemotherapy - ANSWER 🗸 -greater challenge to adherence because
the responsibility falls on the pt and caregiver
20.Nonadherence - ANSWER 🗸 -pt takes too few or too many pills
21.Overadherence - ANSWER 🗸 -when a pt believes a dose was missed or that
"more is better", too much medication may be taken, leading to increased
toxicity
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
< LATEST VERSION >
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
1. The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER 🗸
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication
and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
2. Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER 🗸 Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
,3. During interphase: - ANSWER 🗸 Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
4. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER 🗸
-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
5. Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER 🗸
-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
6. Signal transduction - ANSWER 🗸 -the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
7. Signal transduction steps - ANSWER 🗸
1. Messages usually sent from outside the cell where the messenger (ligand)
first binds to the cell receptor which extended through the cell membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to join
with another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
,8. Dimerization - ANSWER 🗸
1. Homodimerization: binding with the same type of receptor, such as an
epidermal GF receptor (EGFR) 1 receptor with another EGFR
2. Heterodimerization: binding with a different kind of receptor, such as
EGFR1 binding with EGFR2
9. Protein tyrosine kinases phosphorylates - ANSWER 🗸 -turned on by giving
up a phosphate molecule
-the message is now send via a "bucket bridage", or passing the message
from one molecule to other signaling molecules until the message gets first
into the cell nucleus
-where it is transcribed
10.Pathways - ANSWER 🗸 many pathways and crossalks signaling btw and
among the different pathways, and they all have the power to control cell
behavior in one way or another
11.mitogen-activating protein kinase (Raf-1/MAPK) pathway - ANSWER 🗸 -
shown to decrease the benefits of some cancer drugs
-decrease disease-free survival time in some pts
12.mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) survival pathway - ANSWER 🗸 -
play a role in resistance to some chemotherapy agents in certain pts by
keeping cells that have been exposed to chemotherapy from undergoing
apoptosis
-role in angiogenesis
13.phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) - ANSWER 🗸 -transduction enzymes
that activate Akt, leading to cell survival, increased cell proliferation, and
growith
, 14.Neoadjuvant Treatment - ANSWER 🗸 -treatment given as a first step to
shrink a tumor before the main treatment, usually surgery
-examples: chemo, radiation therapy, hormone therapy
15.Adjuvant therapy - ANSWER 🗸 -additonal cancer treatment given after the
primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer can recur
-Examples: chemo, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or
biologic therapy
16.Dose density - ANSWER 🗸 -refers to the drug dose per unit of time
-reduction of time between treatments to achieve higher concentration than
in a standard treatment plan
17.Dose intensity - ANSWER 🗸 -amount of drug delivered over time
-smaller doses of chemotherapy given more frequently
18.Relative dose intensity (RDI) - ANSWER 🗸 -calculated by comparing the
dose that the pt received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
19.Oral Chemotherapy - ANSWER 🗸 -greater challenge to adherence because
the responsibility falls on the pt and caregiver
20.Nonadherence - ANSWER 🗸 -pt takes too few or too many pills
21.Overadherence - ANSWER 🗸 -when a pt believes a dose was missed or that
"more is better", too much medication may be taken, leading to increased
toxicity
