SOC 100 Exam 2 Purdue 2025

deviant behavior - -nonconformity to/violation of a set of cultural norms informal deviance - -minor transgressions of norms formal deviance - -crime; violation of norms that have been codified into law (not all crime is deviant) ______________ can determine what is or is not considered deviant. - -social status Biological/psychological perspective on deviance - -Caesar Lombroso observed physical traits of criminals, but non criminals may have same features Functionalist perspective on deviance - -Durkheim said deviance is inevitable & performs useful functions: 1. brings people together (group solidarity) and 2. force innovation & change collective conscience - -part of functionalist pov on deviance; common set of norms & beliefs about how the world works; binds people together, encourages conformity, defines what is considered deviant and how it is punished anomie pertaining to deviance - -sense of aimlessness when norms no longer strongly guide individual behavior and social life is no longer predictable Strain Theory of deviance (Functionalist) - -Merton; anomie and deviance are built into the structure of modern society bc norms do not match social structure; says that anomie and deviance occur when a society doesn't give all its members equal means to achieve socially acceptable goals when do you feel strain theory - -when you're unable to achieve cultural goals through culturally approved means Differential Association theory of deviance (Symbolic interactionism) - -says deviant behavior is learned through a socialization process that occurs from associating with others who engage in crime Social Disorganization theory of deviance (Symbolic interactionism) - -says deviance is caused by broad social factors, particularly disorganization of the social environment; aka "broken windows" theory; any sign of social disorder leads to more disorder; zimbardo exp which theory is known as broken windows - -social disorganization theory of deviance Labeling theory of deviance (Symbolic Interactionism) - -explains how people define deviance and the role of power in defining it; says that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how other people define their actions; behavior may be tailored to fit label and see label as true primary deviance - -the first act of rule-breaking, which may result in being labeled "deviant" and may influence how people think about you secondary deviance - -acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person's new, deviant label stigma - -a negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person and also can change that person's self concept and social identity; can reduce opportunities available to people in stigmatized group and considers criminal records labeling fits under which perspective of deviance - -symbolic interactionism Power Elite theory of deviance (conflict theory) - -says those with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs; affects what gets defined as deviance crimes - -break criminal law and punishable by fines, jail time, or other sanctions social control - -regulation and enforcement of norms through sanctions with a goal to maintain social order sanctions - -consequences for violating norms formal sanctions - -official punishments (law, police) informal sanctions - -unofficial punishments (looks of disapproval) negative sanctions - -punishments positive sanctions - -rewards Is there evidence that punishment deters crime? - -no, much debate approaches to social control - -punitive justice and rehabilitative justice punitive justice - -make the violator suffer, often at the hands of a group, to define acceptable behavior and create unity rehabilitative justice - -examine why a particular individual was deviant and to try to rehabilitate them Us social control has recently become more___________ - -punitive than rehabilitative prison_______ likelihood of juveniles committing crime. - -increases social inequality - -when people have different amounts of wealth, prestige, power, etc three standards of equality - -equality of opportunity, equality of condition, equality of outcome equality of opportunity - -says that inequality is acceptable if everyone has the same opportunities and is judged by the same standards equality of condition - -says that everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue goals equality of outcome - -says that everyone in a society should end up with the same "rewards" regardless of starting point, opportunities, or contributions which standard of equality is most like the US society? - -equality of opportunity stratification - -systematic inequality between groups of people that arises as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships; hierarchy of material and symbolic good opportunity four principles of stratification - -1. Social rankings apply to social categories of people who share common characteristic 2. Life experiences/ opportunities depend heavily on how their social category is ranked (stratification is universal but variable) 3. A trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences; cultural beliefs motivate rankings 4. Ranks of social categories change slowly over time 3 systems of stratification - -estate system, class system, caste system estate system - -based on laws that dictate rights and duties and limit social mobility (ex. feudal Europe) caste system - -based on heredity and notions of religious purity and offers almost no social mobility class system - -based on ascribed and achieved statuses (US society today); social mobility possible status hierarchy is based on _________. - -social prestige socioeconomic class - -combo of status hierarchy and class; ranking based on economic resources, occupation, and education upper class - -1/3 of nation's wealth, upper 1% middle class - -non manual jobs that pay above poverty line (white collar) working class - -manual labor that pays above poverty line (blue collar and pink collar) working poor - -unskilled low pay jobs w/o benefits poor/underclass - -15% Americans income gap has __________ - -increased social mobility - -ability to change positions in a social strat system (intragenerational and intergenerational) Functionalist theory of stratification - -says social strat has beneficial consequences for the operation of society; greater the functional importance of role, the more rewards society attaches to it; social positions based on innate talent/effort