NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Disease process - (answer) etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, and clinical course
immunosenescence - (answer) the weakening of both the innate and adaptive immune system with
increasing age
Multicausality - (answer) the combination of internal processes and influences from the environment
that cause cell changes with aging
physiological reserve - (answer) decrease in the ability to repair damage
Senescence - (answer) progressive loss of ability to replicate over time
Apoptosis - (answer) genetically programmed cell death. ex ovaries during menopause
necrosis - (answer) cells die due to stressors
infarction - (answer) consequence of prolonged ischemia . ex- myocardial infarction
gangrene - (answer) prolonged ischemia infarction and necrosis then are exposed to bacteria that
thrive on dead tissue
atrophy - (answer) cells revert to smaller size. loss of hormonal stimulation, malnutrition, ischemia, age
hypertrophy - (answer) increase in cell size
physiological- normal with exercise
pathological- increase without increase in supportive structures (high bp higher workload for LV)
hyperplasia - (answer) increase in number of cells. pregnancy stimulates mitotic division of breast
gland cells. keloid
,NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
metaplasia - (answer) replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there.
ex. GERD
dysphagia - (answer) deranges cell growth, precancerous. ex. cervical plasia seen in pap smear..
anaplasia - (answer) cancerous
hypoxic cell injury - (answer) most common; ischemia, anemia, low oxygen environments, pneumonia,
suffocation, airway obstruction
free radical cell injury - (answer) oxidative phosphorylation, small amount of reactive o2 molecules are
byproducts. present in cigarette smoke and toxins. damages the cells DNA. counteract with antioxidants
(vitamins A,E,C)
Acute inflammation stage 1 - (answer) vascular permeability; histamine and bradykinin enable
vasodilation, more permeable permitting fluids, WBC, and platelets to travel in. Area is warm and red
(erythema) and swollen.
acute inflammation stage 2 - (answer) cellular chemotaxis; chemical signal attracts more platelets and
WBC to site. WBC-cytokines, modulate by activating or inhibiting response. margination- wbc line up
acute inflammation stage 3 - (answer) systemic response; symptoms throughout body, fever, pain
lymphadenopathy, lethargy, etc
chonic inflammation - (answer) characterized by macrophages; cause tissue damage. granuloma-
where macrophages have aggregated and transform into epithelial like cells leading to tubercle.
Acute inlammation - (answer) characterized by neutrophils; first to site
Skin wound healing (3 processes) - (answer) 1-inflammation
,NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
2-proliferation, fibroblast synthesizes collagen, form granulation tissue.
3-maturation and remodeling
exudate - (answer) purulent drainage. fluid leaving capillaries is protein rich filtrate containing wbc,
microbial organisms, and cellular debris
primary intention - (answer) -Clean laceration that requires simple re-epithelialization when edges are
approximated
•Example: Surgical Laceration
secondary intention - (answer) -A wound with a large gap in tissue
-some of the tissue has been gouged out
Ex. decubitus ulcer
tertiary intention - (answer) large gap from missing tissue has been contaminated and needs drainage
tube while healing requires skingraft
mast cells - (answer) release histamine
histamine - (answer) -inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells.
-causes vasodilation
-sneezing, runny nose, eye tearing are consequences of histamine released in URT
-benedryl is antihistamine
5 cardinal signs of inflammation - (answer) heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Chromosomal abberation - (answer) alteration in the chromosome structure; breakage
, NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
-polyploidy; more than the diploid number of each chromosome. triploid (3 copies) tetraploid (4 copies).
Neither survive
-aneuploidy; does not contain multiple of 23. trisomy (3 copies of 1 chromosome) monosomy (1 copy of
any chromosome)
Autosomal Aneuploidy - (answer) Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
not sex linked
80% have lower IQ, 40% have heart disease, leukemia risk, weak immune system, adults susceptible to
early Alzheimers disease, all males sterile
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy - (answer) Turner syndrome; females with one X. underdeveloped
breasts, short stature, edema, webbing of the neck, broad chest, wide nipples
Klinefelter syndrome; at least 2 X's and one Y (XXY), abnormalities increase with each additional X.
testosterone deficiency, develop male breasts (gynomastia), small testes sparse body hair, decrease
muscle mass, osteoporosis.
Single Gene Disorders - (answer) autosominal dominant
autosominal recessive
sex linked
Autosominal dominant - (answer) -no carries
-Marfans syndrome; connective tissue disorder. mostly in males, long arms and fingers concave chest.
hypermoble ligaments, risk for valve failure
-Huntingtons disease; degeneration of specific neurons in basal ganglia and cortex, chorea (movement
disorder) flailing of extremities
ANSWERS
Disease process - (answer) etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, and clinical course
immunosenescence - (answer) the weakening of both the innate and adaptive immune system with
increasing age
Multicausality - (answer) the combination of internal processes and influences from the environment
that cause cell changes with aging
physiological reserve - (answer) decrease in the ability to repair damage
Senescence - (answer) progressive loss of ability to replicate over time
Apoptosis - (answer) genetically programmed cell death. ex ovaries during menopause
necrosis - (answer) cells die due to stressors
infarction - (answer) consequence of prolonged ischemia . ex- myocardial infarction
gangrene - (answer) prolonged ischemia infarction and necrosis then are exposed to bacteria that
thrive on dead tissue
atrophy - (answer) cells revert to smaller size. loss of hormonal stimulation, malnutrition, ischemia, age
hypertrophy - (answer) increase in cell size
physiological- normal with exercise
pathological- increase without increase in supportive structures (high bp higher workload for LV)
hyperplasia - (answer) increase in number of cells. pregnancy stimulates mitotic division of breast
gland cells. keloid
,NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
metaplasia - (answer) replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there.
ex. GERD
dysphagia - (answer) deranges cell growth, precancerous. ex. cervical plasia seen in pap smear..
anaplasia - (answer) cancerous
hypoxic cell injury - (answer) most common; ischemia, anemia, low oxygen environments, pneumonia,
suffocation, airway obstruction
free radical cell injury - (answer) oxidative phosphorylation, small amount of reactive o2 molecules are
byproducts. present in cigarette smoke and toxins. damages the cells DNA. counteract with antioxidants
(vitamins A,E,C)
Acute inflammation stage 1 - (answer) vascular permeability; histamine and bradykinin enable
vasodilation, more permeable permitting fluids, WBC, and platelets to travel in. Area is warm and red
(erythema) and swollen.
acute inflammation stage 2 - (answer) cellular chemotaxis; chemical signal attracts more platelets and
WBC to site. WBC-cytokines, modulate by activating or inhibiting response. margination- wbc line up
acute inflammation stage 3 - (answer) systemic response; symptoms throughout body, fever, pain
lymphadenopathy, lethargy, etc
chonic inflammation - (answer) characterized by macrophages; cause tissue damage. granuloma-
where macrophages have aggregated and transform into epithelial like cells leading to tubercle.
Acute inlammation - (answer) characterized by neutrophils; first to site
Skin wound healing (3 processes) - (answer) 1-inflammation
,NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
2-proliferation, fibroblast synthesizes collagen, form granulation tissue.
3-maturation and remodeling
exudate - (answer) purulent drainage. fluid leaving capillaries is protein rich filtrate containing wbc,
microbial organisms, and cellular debris
primary intention - (answer) -Clean laceration that requires simple re-epithelialization when edges are
approximated
•Example: Surgical Laceration
secondary intention - (answer) -A wound with a large gap in tissue
-some of the tissue has been gouged out
Ex. decubitus ulcer
tertiary intention - (answer) large gap from missing tissue has been contaminated and needs drainage
tube while healing requires skingraft
mast cells - (answer) release histamine
histamine - (answer) -inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells.
-causes vasodilation
-sneezing, runny nose, eye tearing are consequences of histamine released in URT
-benedryl is antihistamine
5 cardinal signs of inflammation - (answer) heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
Chromosomal abberation - (answer) alteration in the chromosome structure; breakage
, NURSING 213 FINAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE 130 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
-polyploidy; more than the diploid number of each chromosome. triploid (3 copies) tetraploid (4 copies).
Neither survive
-aneuploidy; does not contain multiple of 23. trisomy (3 copies of 1 chromosome) monosomy (1 copy of
any chromosome)
Autosomal Aneuploidy - (answer) Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
not sex linked
80% have lower IQ, 40% have heart disease, leukemia risk, weak immune system, adults susceptible to
early Alzheimers disease, all males sterile
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy - (answer) Turner syndrome; females with one X. underdeveloped
breasts, short stature, edema, webbing of the neck, broad chest, wide nipples
Klinefelter syndrome; at least 2 X's and one Y (XXY), abnormalities increase with each additional X.
testosterone deficiency, develop male breasts (gynomastia), small testes sparse body hair, decrease
muscle mass, osteoporosis.
Single Gene Disorders - (answer) autosominal dominant
autosominal recessive
sex linked
Autosominal dominant - (answer) -no carries
-Marfans syndrome; connective tissue disorder. mostly in males, long arms and fingers concave chest.
hypermoble ligaments, risk for valve failure
-Huntingtons disease; degeneration of specific neurons in basal ganglia and cortex, chorea (movement
disorder) flailing of extremities
