NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 well answered
solutions and graded
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWERScan use urine, saliva, or serum
(most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99%
accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ANSWERSCellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue
close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ANSWERSCauses vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - ANSWERSSoluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or
adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or
anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ANSWERSReleased when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ANSWERSReleased when mast cells degranulate, are produced by
the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain,
and fever.
Chemotactic factors - ANSWERSBiochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the
site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ANSWERSPredominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of
acute inflammation
Monocytes - ANSWERSBecome macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible
for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell
immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWERSCauses fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes
and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWERSStimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
, Cytokine TNF function - ANSWERSCauses fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWERSPromotes production and maturation of
neutrophils
Complement - ANSWERSFunctions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - ANSWERSConverted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - ANSWERSFactor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin
mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
COX1 - ANSWERSProstaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection,
platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2 - ANSWERSProstaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever,
renal protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications - ANSWERSProtect gastric mucosa- prevent
ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can
impair renal function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose - ANSWERSSynthesis of prostaglandins
Non-selective NSAIDS - ANSWERSInhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric ulceration,
GI bleeds, edema, renal impairment
ASA - ANSWERSBlocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and
prostaglandins
Corticosteroids - ANSWERSInhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation of
prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
Thromboxane - ANSWERSVasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin - ANSWERSVasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective one)
Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSE. Immediate response to allergen, food, meds,
pollen, asthma, allergic reactions
P. IgE binds with antigen at 1st exposure. Antigen binds with this complex at 2nd
exposure. Inflammatory cascade initiates.
C.M. Urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, angioedema, anaphylaxis
solutions and graded
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWERScan use urine, saliva, or serum
(most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99%
accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ANSWERSCellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue
close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ANSWERSCauses vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - ANSWERSSoluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or
adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or
anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ANSWERSReleased when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ANSWERSReleased when mast cells degranulate, are produced by
the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain,
and fever.
Chemotactic factors - ANSWERSBiochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the
site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ANSWERSPredominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of
acute inflammation
Monocytes - ANSWERSBecome macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible
for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell
immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWERSCauses fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes
and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWERSStimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
, Cytokine TNF function - ANSWERSCauses fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWERSPromotes production and maturation of
neutrophils
Complement - ANSWERSFunctions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - ANSWERSConverted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - ANSWERSFactor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin
mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
COX1 - ANSWERSProstaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection,
platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2 - ANSWERSProstaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever,
renal protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications - ANSWERSProtect gastric mucosa- prevent
ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can
impair renal function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose - ANSWERSSynthesis of prostaglandins
Non-selective NSAIDS - ANSWERSInhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric ulceration,
GI bleeds, edema, renal impairment
ASA - ANSWERSBlocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and
prostaglandins
Corticosteroids - ANSWERSInhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation of
prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
Thromboxane - ANSWERSVasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin - ANSWERSVasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective one)
Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSE. Immediate response to allergen, food, meds,
pollen, asthma, allergic reactions
P. IgE binds with antigen at 1st exposure. Antigen binds with this complex at 2nd
exposure. Inflammatory cascade initiates.
C.M. Urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, angioedema, anaphylaxis
