ACC A&P Assessment STUDY GUIDE
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol,
proteins and carbohydrates.) and its overall functions. - ✔️✔️
Identify the function of each following parts of the plasma membrane: Phospholipid
bilayer, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates. - ✔️✔️
State the basic units of the metric system for length, mass, time, and volume. -
✔️✔️Basic Units:
Length: (M) Meter
Mass: (G) Gram
Time: (S) Second
Volume: (L) Liter
Identify the fraction or multiple associated with each of the following prefixes: Kilo, Deci,
Centi, Milli, Micro and Nano. - ✔️✔️Kilo: (K) (The largest)
1000
10^3
Deci: (D)
1/10
0.1
10^-1
Centi: (C)
1/100
0.01
10^-2
Milli: (M)
1/1000
0.001
10^-3
Micro: (U)
1/1,000,000
0.000,001
10^-6
Nano: (N) (The Smallest)
1/1,000,000,000
0.000,000,001
10^-9
****Combine the prefixes above with a metric unit and know the correct abbreviation of
the combined prefix and unit. - ✔️✔️
,****Convert Quantities between the metric system. - ✔️✔️REMEMBER: King Henry
Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk.
ATOMS, MOLECULES, BONDS, and PROPERTIES of MATTER: - ✔️✔️
Define the term element. - ✔️✔️An element is a substance that cannot be further
broken down.
Identify the common chemical symbols for: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Iron and Phosphorus. - ✔️✔️Oxygen: O
Carbon: C
Hydrogen: H
Nitrogen: N
Calcium: Ca
Potassium: K
Sodium: Na
Chlorine: Cl
Iron: Fe
Phosphorus: P
Identify the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrochloric
acid, sodium chloride, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate. ( Also known as sodium
hydrogen carbonate. ) - ✔️✔️Carbon Dioxide: C02
Carbon Monoxide: CO
Water: H2O
Hydrochloric Acid: HCl
Sodium Chloride: NACl
Glucose: C6Hl2O6
Define the term atom. - ✔️✔️An atom is the basic and smallest unit of a chemical
element.
Describe the basic structure of an atom. (Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.) -
✔️✔️Atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains neutrons and
protons.
Describe the Levels of organization in multi cellular organisms starting with atoms and
ending with organisms. - ✔️✔️The levels of organization are atoms, molecules,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism.
Define the term homeostasis. - ✔️✔️Homeostasis is an organism or cell that regulates
it's internal conditions by a system of feedback controls.
, Describe, in general terms, how negative and positive feedback mechanisms are used
by organisms to maintain homeostasis. - ✔️✔️Negative Feedback; is the response
opposite of original deviation returns the variable to a set point.
EXAMPLE: Blood Glucose, temperature.
Positive Feedback; reinforces original deviation causes rapid and temporary change in
a variable.
EXAMPLE: blood clotting
THE METRIC SYSTEM - ✔️✔️
Identify the charge and the location in the atom of protons, neutrons and electrons. -
✔️✔️Electrons are on the outside with a negative charge. Protons are in the center and
have a positive charge. Neutrons are in the nucleus as well, but are neutral.
Define the term isotope. - ✔️✔️An isotope is atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons.
Recognize that isotopes are used in diagnosis and treatment in medicine. - ✔️✔️
Define the terms molecule and ion. Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding. -
✔️✔️Molecule: it consists of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Ion: An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons are not equal to the
total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
The role of electrons are ionic and covalent bonds.
****Compare how covalent and ionic bonds hold atoms together and how each type of
bond is shown in a diagram. - ✔️✔️Ionic Bonding: An electron from one atom is
transferred to another atom.
Covalent Bonding: Electrons are shared between two or more atoms in a cloud.
Discuss the relative strengths of covalent and ionic bonds. (How easy the bonds can be
broken.) - ✔️✔️A covalent bond that contains a Hydrogen atom (+) will attract to
anything nearby with a negative charge which will break up the bond.
Although, Hydrogen bonds are typically weak, there are stronger variations of them.
An ionic bond can be separated (for example) by just adding water. (NACl/Salt- add
boiling water and the bond is broken)
Compare polar and non-polar bonds. Compare and contrast the characteristics of polar
and non-polar molecules. - ✔️✔️Polar Bond: Electrons are shared, but not equal,
resulting in a bond with a slight negative charge and a slight positive charge.
These bonds can be broken with water. (EX: salt, sugar.)
Non-Polar Bonds: Electrons are shared equally and cannot be broken by water. (EX:
Oils and fats.)
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol,
proteins and carbohydrates.) and its overall functions. - ✔️✔️
Identify the function of each following parts of the plasma membrane: Phospholipid
bilayer, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates. - ✔️✔️
State the basic units of the metric system for length, mass, time, and volume. -
✔️✔️Basic Units:
Length: (M) Meter
Mass: (G) Gram
Time: (S) Second
Volume: (L) Liter
Identify the fraction or multiple associated with each of the following prefixes: Kilo, Deci,
Centi, Milli, Micro and Nano. - ✔️✔️Kilo: (K) (The largest)
1000
10^3
Deci: (D)
1/10
0.1
10^-1
Centi: (C)
1/100
0.01
10^-2
Milli: (M)
1/1000
0.001
10^-3
Micro: (U)
1/1,000,000
0.000,001
10^-6
Nano: (N) (The Smallest)
1/1,000,000,000
0.000,000,001
10^-9
****Combine the prefixes above with a metric unit and know the correct abbreviation of
the combined prefix and unit. - ✔️✔️
,****Convert Quantities between the metric system. - ✔️✔️REMEMBER: King Henry
Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk.
ATOMS, MOLECULES, BONDS, and PROPERTIES of MATTER: - ✔️✔️
Define the term element. - ✔️✔️An element is a substance that cannot be further
broken down.
Identify the common chemical symbols for: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Iron and Phosphorus. - ✔️✔️Oxygen: O
Carbon: C
Hydrogen: H
Nitrogen: N
Calcium: Ca
Potassium: K
Sodium: Na
Chlorine: Cl
Iron: Fe
Phosphorus: P
Identify the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrochloric
acid, sodium chloride, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate. ( Also known as sodium
hydrogen carbonate. ) - ✔️✔️Carbon Dioxide: C02
Carbon Monoxide: CO
Water: H2O
Hydrochloric Acid: HCl
Sodium Chloride: NACl
Glucose: C6Hl2O6
Define the term atom. - ✔️✔️An atom is the basic and smallest unit of a chemical
element.
Describe the basic structure of an atom. (Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.) -
✔️✔️Atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains neutrons and
protons.
Describe the Levels of organization in multi cellular organisms starting with atoms and
ending with organisms. - ✔️✔️The levels of organization are atoms, molecules,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism.
Define the term homeostasis. - ✔️✔️Homeostasis is an organism or cell that regulates
it's internal conditions by a system of feedback controls.
, Describe, in general terms, how negative and positive feedback mechanisms are used
by organisms to maintain homeostasis. - ✔️✔️Negative Feedback; is the response
opposite of original deviation returns the variable to a set point.
EXAMPLE: Blood Glucose, temperature.
Positive Feedback; reinforces original deviation causes rapid and temporary change in
a variable.
EXAMPLE: blood clotting
THE METRIC SYSTEM - ✔️✔️
Identify the charge and the location in the atom of protons, neutrons and electrons. -
✔️✔️Electrons are on the outside with a negative charge. Protons are in the center and
have a positive charge. Neutrons are in the nucleus as well, but are neutral.
Define the term isotope. - ✔️✔️An isotope is atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons.
Recognize that isotopes are used in diagnosis and treatment in medicine. - ✔️✔️
Define the terms molecule and ion. Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding. -
✔️✔️Molecule: it consists of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Ion: An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons are not equal to the
total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
The role of electrons are ionic and covalent bonds.
****Compare how covalent and ionic bonds hold atoms together and how each type of
bond is shown in a diagram. - ✔️✔️Ionic Bonding: An electron from one atom is
transferred to another atom.
Covalent Bonding: Electrons are shared between two or more atoms in a cloud.
Discuss the relative strengths of covalent and ionic bonds. (How easy the bonds can be
broken.) - ✔️✔️A covalent bond that contains a Hydrogen atom (+) will attract to
anything nearby with a negative charge which will break up the bond.
Although, Hydrogen bonds are typically weak, there are stronger variations of them.
An ionic bond can be separated (for example) by just adding water. (NACl/Salt- add
boiling water and the bond is broken)
Compare polar and non-polar bonds. Compare and contrast the characteristics of polar
and non-polar molecules. - ✔️✔️Polar Bond: Electrons are shared, but not equal,
resulting in a bond with a slight negative charge and a slight positive charge.
These bonds can be broken with water. (EX: salt, sugar.)
Non-Polar Bonds: Electrons are shared equally and cannot be broken by water. (EX:
Oils and fats.)
