NSG 311 Patho Final Exam 1 Questions
And All Correct Answers.
1) Cytoplasm/Protoplasm - Answer a colorless, viscous liquid containing water, nutrients, ions,
dissolved gasses and waster products. This liquid is where the cellular work takes place
1) Organelles - Answer located in the cytoplasm. Performs the work that maintains the cells
life. (Ex: Nucleus and Mitochondria)
1) Nucleus - Answer surrounded by the cytoplasm, it contains all genetic information "DNA"
surrounded by a double membrane. regulates cell growth, metabolism, reproduction
1) Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane - Answer semi-permeable boundary containing the cell
and its components. Made up of lipid bilayer. Interior is more fatty than exterior surfaces.
1) Selectively permeable - Answer allows the cell to maintain a state of internal balance. Some
substances have free passage "enzymes, glucose, electrolytes". Passage across the cell
membrane is accomplished through several methods, including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
1) Enzymes - Answer proteins that facilitate chemical reactions within the cell
1) Glucose - Answer sugar molecule that provides energy
1)Electrolytes - Answer chemicals that are charged conductors when dissolved in water
1)Diffusion - Answer The movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to and
area of lower concentration. Concentration gradient.
1)Osomosis - Answer Movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane
from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
1)Solute - Answer dissolved particles
,1)Lysis - Answer cell burst because of too much water coming into the cell
1)Crenation - Answer Cell shrinks because too much water leaving the cell
1)Facilitated diffusion - Answer the movement of substances from of area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier molecule.
Energy is not required
1)Active transport - Answer the movement of substance from an area of lower concentration
of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)
1)Endocytosis - Answer the process of bringing a substance into the cell
1)Phagocytosis - Answer eating solid particle; eats bacterial
1)Pinocytosis - Answer Cell drinking
1)Exocytosis - Answer release of material from the cell
1)Proliferation - Answer the regulated process by which cells divide and reproduce
1)Mitosis - Answer the most common form of cell division. Cell divided into two separate cells.
The division of one cell results in two genetically identical and equal daughter cells. PMAT.
1)PMAT - Answer Cell division. Produce two Diploid cells ( two daughter cells each containing
one copy of each chromosome)
1)Interphase - Answer One pair of homologous chromosomes
1)Prophase - Answer chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane disintergrates
1)Metaphase - Answer spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres, chromosomes align
, 1)Telophase - Answer chromosomes arrive at each pole and new membranes are formed
1)Cytokinesis - Answer Separation
1)Meisosis - Answer cell division that only occurs in mature sperm and ova. Sperm and ova
each contain 23 chromosomes, when combined they make 46. Makes 4 gametes each
containing a single copy of each chromosome
1)Differentiation - Answer a process by which cells become specialized in terms of cell type,
function, structure, and cell cycle. Takes 15-60 days after the sperm fertilizes the ova
1)Cellular Adaptation - Answer cell attempt to prevent their own death by environmental
changes. May modify their size, number, and types in an attempt to manage these changes and
maintain homeostasis.
1)atrophy - Answer occurs because of decreased work demands on the cell (Ex. arm in cast)
1)hypertrophy - Answer occurs when cells increases in size in attempt to meet increased work
demands. (Ex. working out)
1)Hyperplasia - Answer increase in number of cells in organ or tissue. (Ex. healing, skin warts,
liver regeneration)
1)Metaplasia - Answer process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type (Ex.
ciliary changes that occur in the respiratory tract because of chronic smoking)
1)Dysplasia - Answer cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance. often
reported as pre-cancerous cells; it can be reversible by removing the trigger. (Neoplasia-
mutated cells moving to other areas)
1)Programmed cell death - Answer process of eliminating unwanted cells
Apoptosis( condense of shrink)
1)Ischemia - Answer inadequate blood flow to tissue or an organ.
And All Correct Answers.
1) Cytoplasm/Protoplasm - Answer a colorless, viscous liquid containing water, nutrients, ions,
dissolved gasses and waster products. This liquid is where the cellular work takes place
1) Organelles - Answer located in the cytoplasm. Performs the work that maintains the cells
life. (Ex: Nucleus and Mitochondria)
1) Nucleus - Answer surrounded by the cytoplasm, it contains all genetic information "DNA"
surrounded by a double membrane. regulates cell growth, metabolism, reproduction
1) Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane - Answer semi-permeable boundary containing the cell
and its components. Made up of lipid bilayer. Interior is more fatty than exterior surfaces.
1) Selectively permeable - Answer allows the cell to maintain a state of internal balance. Some
substances have free passage "enzymes, glucose, electrolytes". Passage across the cell
membrane is accomplished through several methods, including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
1) Enzymes - Answer proteins that facilitate chemical reactions within the cell
1) Glucose - Answer sugar molecule that provides energy
1)Electrolytes - Answer chemicals that are charged conductors when dissolved in water
1)Diffusion - Answer The movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to and
area of lower concentration. Concentration gradient.
1)Osomosis - Answer Movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane
from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
1)Solute - Answer dissolved particles
,1)Lysis - Answer cell burst because of too much water coming into the cell
1)Crenation - Answer Cell shrinks because too much water leaving the cell
1)Facilitated diffusion - Answer the movement of substances from of area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier molecule.
Energy is not required
1)Active transport - Answer the movement of substance from an area of lower concentration
of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)
1)Endocytosis - Answer the process of bringing a substance into the cell
1)Phagocytosis - Answer eating solid particle; eats bacterial
1)Pinocytosis - Answer Cell drinking
1)Exocytosis - Answer release of material from the cell
1)Proliferation - Answer the regulated process by which cells divide and reproduce
1)Mitosis - Answer the most common form of cell division. Cell divided into two separate cells.
The division of one cell results in two genetically identical and equal daughter cells. PMAT.
1)PMAT - Answer Cell division. Produce two Diploid cells ( two daughter cells each containing
one copy of each chromosome)
1)Interphase - Answer One pair of homologous chromosomes
1)Prophase - Answer chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane disintergrates
1)Metaphase - Answer spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres, chromosomes align
, 1)Telophase - Answer chromosomes arrive at each pole and new membranes are formed
1)Cytokinesis - Answer Separation
1)Meisosis - Answer cell division that only occurs in mature sperm and ova. Sperm and ova
each contain 23 chromosomes, when combined they make 46. Makes 4 gametes each
containing a single copy of each chromosome
1)Differentiation - Answer a process by which cells become specialized in terms of cell type,
function, structure, and cell cycle. Takes 15-60 days after the sperm fertilizes the ova
1)Cellular Adaptation - Answer cell attempt to prevent their own death by environmental
changes. May modify their size, number, and types in an attempt to manage these changes and
maintain homeostasis.
1)atrophy - Answer occurs because of decreased work demands on the cell (Ex. arm in cast)
1)hypertrophy - Answer occurs when cells increases in size in attempt to meet increased work
demands. (Ex. working out)
1)Hyperplasia - Answer increase in number of cells in organ or tissue. (Ex. healing, skin warts,
liver regeneration)
1)Metaplasia - Answer process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type (Ex.
ciliary changes that occur in the respiratory tract because of chronic smoking)
1)Dysplasia - Answer cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance. often
reported as pre-cancerous cells; it can be reversible by removing the trigger. (Neoplasia-
mutated cells moving to other areas)
1)Programmed cell death - Answer process of eliminating unwanted cells
Apoptosis( condense of shrink)
1)Ischemia - Answer inadequate blood flow to tissue or an organ.
