AQA Psychology A-Level
Paper 1
,Social Change - CORRECT ANSWERS-A society adopts a new belief of way of
behaving which eventually widely becomes the norm
Social Change Through Minority Influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Drawing
attention to the issue
2. Cognitive Conflict
3. Consistency of position
4. The augmentation Principle
5. The snowball effect
6. Deeper Processing
Cognitive Conflict - CORRECT ANSWERS-A conflict between what majority believe and
the beliefs put forward by the minority, to make majority think more deeply
The augmentation principle - CORRECT ANSWERS-The minority suffers to make seem
more commited
The snowball effect - CORRECT ANSWERS-Minority influence small effect keeps
spreading more widely until a tipping point
Social Change through Conformity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social change can be
based on conformity
Social Norms Intervention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Attempting to change normative
behaviour because it is dangerous
Social Change Study - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most of us don't Drink and Drive ad
Social Change Drink and Drive ad study - CORRECT ANSWERS-92% of peers
believed their peers drinked and drived
A survey found only 20% did
Corrected misconception with most of us don't drink and drive ad and it reduce it to 13%
Social Change Evaluation - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Minority influence will be gradual
- Being perceived as deviant limits influence
- Boomerang effect
Boomerang effect - CORRECT ANSWERS-For individuals who already engage in
behaviour are introduced to social change, they might increase this behaviour which in-
turn is undesirable
Minority influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-When majority groups change beliefs/
behaviours as a result of exposure to a persuasive minority
,dogmatic - CORRECT ANSWERS-strongly opinionated in an unwarranted manner
3 Minority Influence Behavioural Styles - CORRECT ANSWERS-Consistency,
Commitment, Flexibility
Nemeth Procedure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Groups of 4 with one confederate
Has to agree on the amount of compensation they would award a ski accident victim
2 conditions:
flexible compromise
Inflexible compromise
Nemeth Results - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inflexible condition the minority had little
effect on the majority
Flexible conditions, majority were more happy to compromise
Moscovici et al procedure - CORRECT ANSWERS-- 4 participants
- 2 confederates
- Series of blue colours were shown
- confederates repeatedly said the colours were green on every trial
- in a control they did this 2 out of 3 times
Moscovici et al findings - CORRECT ANSWERS-- the consistent trial gave more green
responses than the non consistent
Minority Influence Evaluation - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Research support for flexibility
(Nemeth 1987)
- Tipping point for commitment
Social Support - CORRECT ANSWERS-The perception that an individual has
assistance available from other people
Social support and resisting conformity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social support enables
an individual to resist conformity, by breaking unanimity and not feeling alone, they
become more confident to resist
Social support and resisting obedience - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social support enables
an individual to become more confident and can resist temptation to obey
Who proposed the locus of control? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rotter
Locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-Beliefs about whether the outcomes of their
actions are dependant on what they do, or on events outside of their control
, Internal locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-rely less on the opinions of others,
independent, what happens to them is a result of their own ability
External locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-Whats happens to them is a result of
external factors they have no control over like luck or fate, more passive and fatalistic,
less independent
Locus of control and resistance to social influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-The more
internal you are:
less vulnerable to social influence
more likely to become leaders
less likely to be successfully interrogated
Evaluation of social support - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Response position changes
amount of social support received
- Social support is greater if the person giving it is valid e.g. intelligent
Evaluation of locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Locus of control is related to
normative influence only
- People used to be more external, so studies may not be as valid for internals
- Research support (Avtgis 1998 meta analysis)
Authoritarian Personality - CORRECT ANSWERS-A personality characterised by strict
conventional values and high obedience to authority
F Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of authoritarian traits
High F score Parents - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Raised with authoritarian parents
- Aquire this because this becomes social norm, so through learning, imitate their
parents
Low F score Parents - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Raised with more liberal parents
- Aquire this because this becomes social norm, so through learning, imitate their
parents
High F score personalitys - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Rigid
- Black and white thinkers
- More likely to obey
Low F score personalitys - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Loose thinkers
- Little pressure to obey
Right-Wing Authoritarianism - CORRECT ANSWERS-A cluster of personality variables
that are associated with a right wing attitude
Paper 1
,Social Change - CORRECT ANSWERS-A society adopts a new belief of way of
behaving which eventually widely becomes the norm
Social Change Through Minority Influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Drawing
attention to the issue
2. Cognitive Conflict
3. Consistency of position
4. The augmentation Principle
5. The snowball effect
6. Deeper Processing
Cognitive Conflict - CORRECT ANSWERS-A conflict between what majority believe and
the beliefs put forward by the minority, to make majority think more deeply
The augmentation principle - CORRECT ANSWERS-The minority suffers to make seem
more commited
The snowball effect - CORRECT ANSWERS-Minority influence small effect keeps
spreading more widely until a tipping point
Social Change through Conformity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social change can be
based on conformity
Social Norms Intervention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Attempting to change normative
behaviour because it is dangerous
Social Change Study - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most of us don't Drink and Drive ad
Social Change Drink and Drive ad study - CORRECT ANSWERS-92% of peers
believed their peers drinked and drived
A survey found only 20% did
Corrected misconception with most of us don't drink and drive ad and it reduce it to 13%
Social Change Evaluation - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Minority influence will be gradual
- Being perceived as deviant limits influence
- Boomerang effect
Boomerang effect - CORRECT ANSWERS-For individuals who already engage in
behaviour are introduced to social change, they might increase this behaviour which in-
turn is undesirable
Minority influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-When majority groups change beliefs/
behaviours as a result of exposure to a persuasive minority
,dogmatic - CORRECT ANSWERS-strongly opinionated in an unwarranted manner
3 Minority Influence Behavioural Styles - CORRECT ANSWERS-Consistency,
Commitment, Flexibility
Nemeth Procedure - CORRECT ANSWERS-Groups of 4 with one confederate
Has to agree on the amount of compensation they would award a ski accident victim
2 conditions:
flexible compromise
Inflexible compromise
Nemeth Results - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inflexible condition the minority had little
effect on the majority
Flexible conditions, majority were more happy to compromise
Moscovici et al procedure - CORRECT ANSWERS-- 4 participants
- 2 confederates
- Series of blue colours were shown
- confederates repeatedly said the colours were green on every trial
- in a control they did this 2 out of 3 times
Moscovici et al findings - CORRECT ANSWERS-- the consistent trial gave more green
responses than the non consistent
Minority Influence Evaluation - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Research support for flexibility
(Nemeth 1987)
- Tipping point for commitment
Social Support - CORRECT ANSWERS-The perception that an individual has
assistance available from other people
Social support and resisting conformity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social support enables
an individual to resist conformity, by breaking unanimity and not feeling alone, they
become more confident to resist
Social support and resisting obedience - CORRECT ANSWERS-Social support enables
an individual to become more confident and can resist temptation to obey
Who proposed the locus of control? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rotter
Locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-Beliefs about whether the outcomes of their
actions are dependant on what they do, or on events outside of their control
, Internal locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-rely less on the opinions of others,
independent, what happens to them is a result of their own ability
External locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-Whats happens to them is a result of
external factors they have no control over like luck or fate, more passive and fatalistic,
less independent
Locus of control and resistance to social influence - CORRECT ANSWERS-The more
internal you are:
less vulnerable to social influence
more likely to become leaders
less likely to be successfully interrogated
Evaluation of social support - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Response position changes
amount of social support received
- Social support is greater if the person giving it is valid e.g. intelligent
Evaluation of locus of control - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Locus of control is related to
normative influence only
- People used to be more external, so studies may not be as valid for internals
- Research support (Avtgis 1998 meta analysis)
Authoritarian Personality - CORRECT ANSWERS-A personality characterised by strict
conventional values and high obedience to authority
F Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS-A measure of authoritarian traits
High F score Parents - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Raised with authoritarian parents
- Aquire this because this becomes social norm, so through learning, imitate their
parents
Low F score Parents - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Raised with more liberal parents
- Aquire this because this becomes social norm, so through learning, imitate their
parents
High F score personalitys - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Rigid
- Black and white thinkers
- More likely to obey
Low F score personalitys - CORRECT ANSWERS-- Loose thinkers
- Little pressure to obey
Right-Wing Authoritarianism - CORRECT ANSWERS-A cluster of personality variables
that are associated with a right wing attitude
