BIOL133 TEST QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT
Gene
segment of DNA ( a gene codes for production of a protein)
Allele
variant of a gene
Ex. Sick-cell anemia
- caused by mutated gene - codes for component of hemoglobin
- an allele of the gene codes for a defective hemoglobin
- result is sickle cell anemia
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- 4 DNA building blocks: A, T, G, C
- double stranded
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
- INTERMEDIARY between genes and proteins
- 4 RNA building blocks: A, U, G, C
- single stranded
Chromosomes
- long strand of DNA and proteins
- each chromosome contains many genes
- humans: 46 chromosomes in all cells EXCEPT sperm and eggs
- 23 from mom, 23 from dad
Genome
- all genes in cells of a particular type of organism (species)
- human genome = ~ 20,000 genes
- corn has 30,000 genes and the worm C. elegans has 10,000
Genotype
, alleles an organism contains (a lot of possibilities, but what a person ACTUALLY is made up of)
Phenotype
how alleles of genotype are expressed (Phenotype = physical = what the organism looks like)
Karyotype
chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order
- how can we use a karyotype? to see if there are too many/little chromosomes and gender
How can triploidy occur?
- an egg fertilized by a sperm that has two copies of each chromosome
- an egg fertilized by two normal sperm
- egg has two copies of each chromosome and fertilized by normal sperm
Gregor Mendel (mendelian traits)
- studied traits determined by SINGLE gene
- ONE gene causes a specific phenotype (disease)
- Ex. sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia
Are all traits Mendelian?
- no
- 180 genes determine human height
- unknown amount of genes determine hair, eye, and skin color
- unknown amount of genes determine development of heart disease
Multifactorial traits
- a trait caused by one or more genes and the ENVIRONMENT
- ex. height, hair color, hypertension, breast cancer, diabetes
Genetic factors of breast cancer
- genetic factors: BRCA1 and BRCA2 = genes that contribute to development of breast cancer
Non-genetic factors of breast cancer
- early menarche, late menopause, first child after age 30, alcohol use, etc.
- syndrome factors: some breast cancers are related to other genetic syndromes
Genetic testing
- analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, or metabolites to detect genotypes,
mutations, or chromosomal changes
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT
Gene
segment of DNA ( a gene codes for production of a protein)
Allele
variant of a gene
Ex. Sick-cell anemia
- caused by mutated gene - codes for component of hemoglobin
- an allele of the gene codes for a defective hemoglobin
- result is sickle cell anemia
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- 4 DNA building blocks: A, T, G, C
- double stranded
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
- INTERMEDIARY between genes and proteins
- 4 RNA building blocks: A, U, G, C
- single stranded
Chromosomes
- long strand of DNA and proteins
- each chromosome contains many genes
- humans: 46 chromosomes in all cells EXCEPT sperm and eggs
- 23 from mom, 23 from dad
Genome
- all genes in cells of a particular type of organism (species)
- human genome = ~ 20,000 genes
- corn has 30,000 genes and the worm C. elegans has 10,000
Genotype
, alleles an organism contains (a lot of possibilities, but what a person ACTUALLY is made up of)
Phenotype
how alleles of genotype are expressed (Phenotype = physical = what the organism looks like)
Karyotype
chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order
- how can we use a karyotype? to see if there are too many/little chromosomes and gender
How can triploidy occur?
- an egg fertilized by a sperm that has two copies of each chromosome
- an egg fertilized by two normal sperm
- egg has two copies of each chromosome and fertilized by normal sperm
Gregor Mendel (mendelian traits)
- studied traits determined by SINGLE gene
- ONE gene causes a specific phenotype (disease)
- Ex. sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia
Are all traits Mendelian?
- no
- 180 genes determine human height
- unknown amount of genes determine hair, eye, and skin color
- unknown amount of genes determine development of heart disease
Multifactorial traits
- a trait caused by one or more genes and the ENVIRONMENT
- ex. height, hair color, hypertension, breast cancer, diabetes
Genetic factors of breast cancer
- genetic factors: BRCA1 and BRCA2 = genes that contribute to development of breast cancer
Non-genetic factors of breast cancer
- early menarche, late menopause, first child after age 30, alcohol use, etc.
- syndrome factors: some breast cancers are related to other genetic syndromes
Genetic testing
- analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, or metabolites to detect genotypes,
mutations, or chromosomal changes
