CBCC-KA FINAL EXAM 2 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Discriminative stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target behavior is
likely to have consequences that affect its frequency.
✔✔DRA (differential reinforcement of alternative behavior) - ✔✔The procedure of
reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing an alternative behavior. The
idea is to give the person an alternative way of obtaining reinforcers.
✔✔DRI (differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior) - ✔✔The procedure of
reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing a behavior that is
incompatible with the target behavior.
✔✔DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) - ✔✔The procedure of reducing the
frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing in only when it occurs at a low rate.
✔✔Environmental event - ✔✔Any event in a person's environment that can be
observed.
✔✔Escape-avoidance learning - ✔✔A learning situation in which the target behavior
results in escape from, or avoidance of, an aversive event.
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior.
✔✔Extinction burst - ✔✔A sharp increase in the frequency of a behavior that is on
extinction. They usually occur soon after a behavior is placed on extinction.
✔✔Fading - ✔✔Gradually reducing the strength of a prompt.
✔✔Fixed duration schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is
provided after the target behavior has been performed continuously for a period of n
length.
✔✔Fixed interval schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is
provided the first time the target behavior occurs after an interval of n length since the
last reinforcement.
✔✔Fixed ratio schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided
after the target behavior has occurred n number of times.
✔✔Flooding - ✔✔A form of desensitization training in which the client is exposed to real
or imagined situations that are very disturbing until they no longer arouse anxiety. The
procedure typically causes great discomfort initially and is of uncertain effectiveness.
, ✔✔Forward chaining - ✔✔A chaining procedure that begins with the first element in a
behavior chain and progresses to the last element.
✔✔Functional analysis - ✔✔The process of testing hypotheses about the functional
relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences.
✔✔Functional relation - ✔✔The tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one
or more other events.
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread.
✔✔Inter-observer reliability - ✔✔A measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies
made by two or more observers
✔✔Interval recording - ✔✔Recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series
of short intervals within an observation period.
✔✔In vivo desensitization - ✔✔A variation of systematic desensitization in which the
anxiety-arousing situations to which the person is exposed are real, rather than
imagined.
✔✔Law of effect - ✔✔The principle that, in any given situation, the probability of a
behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that
situation in the past. An abbreviated form says that behavior is a function of its
consequences.
✔✔Learning history - ✔✔All the environmental events (antecedents and consequences)
that have affected a person's behavior up to the present.
✔✔Maintenance schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule that maintains a target
behavior at a desired rate.
✔✔Maintenance training - ✔✔Intervention procedures that increase the likelihood that
changes in target behavior will persist when the intervention has ended.
✔✔Medical model - ✔✔The view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an
underlying psychological disorder.
✔✔Multiple baseline design - ✔✔A single case design in which the effects of an
intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals.
✔✔Natural reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for
the purpose of modifying behavior; also called spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Discriminative stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target behavior is
likely to have consequences that affect its frequency.
✔✔DRA (differential reinforcement of alternative behavior) - ✔✔The procedure of
reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing an alternative behavior. The
idea is to give the person an alternative way of obtaining reinforcers.
✔✔DRI (differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior) - ✔✔The procedure of
reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing a behavior that is
incompatible with the target behavior.
✔✔DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) - ✔✔The procedure of reducing the
frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing in only when it occurs at a low rate.
✔✔Environmental event - ✔✔Any event in a person's environment that can be
observed.
✔✔Escape-avoidance learning - ✔✔A learning situation in which the target behavior
results in escape from, or avoidance of, an aversive event.
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior.
✔✔Extinction burst - ✔✔A sharp increase in the frequency of a behavior that is on
extinction. They usually occur soon after a behavior is placed on extinction.
✔✔Fading - ✔✔Gradually reducing the strength of a prompt.
✔✔Fixed duration schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is
provided after the target behavior has been performed continuously for a period of n
length.
✔✔Fixed interval schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is
provided the first time the target behavior occurs after an interval of n length since the
last reinforcement.
✔✔Fixed ratio schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided
after the target behavior has occurred n number of times.
✔✔Flooding - ✔✔A form of desensitization training in which the client is exposed to real
or imagined situations that are very disturbing until they no longer arouse anxiety. The
procedure typically causes great discomfort initially and is of uncertain effectiveness.
, ✔✔Forward chaining - ✔✔A chaining procedure that begins with the first element in a
behavior chain and progresses to the last element.
✔✔Functional analysis - ✔✔The process of testing hypotheses about the functional
relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences.
✔✔Functional relation - ✔✔The tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one
or more other events.
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread.
✔✔Inter-observer reliability - ✔✔A measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies
made by two or more observers
✔✔Interval recording - ✔✔Recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series
of short intervals within an observation period.
✔✔In vivo desensitization - ✔✔A variation of systematic desensitization in which the
anxiety-arousing situations to which the person is exposed are real, rather than
imagined.
✔✔Law of effect - ✔✔The principle that, in any given situation, the probability of a
behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that
situation in the past. An abbreviated form says that behavior is a function of its
consequences.
✔✔Learning history - ✔✔All the environmental events (antecedents and consequences)
that have affected a person's behavior up to the present.
✔✔Maintenance schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule that maintains a target
behavior at a desired rate.
✔✔Maintenance training - ✔✔Intervention procedures that increase the likelihood that
changes in target behavior will persist when the intervention has ended.
✔✔Medical model - ✔✔The view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an
underlying psychological disorder.
✔✔Multiple baseline design - ✔✔A single case design in which the effects of an
intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals.
✔✔Natural reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for
the purpose of modifying behavior; also called spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers.
