TEST BANK INTRODUCTORY CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

TEST BANK INTRODUCTORY CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY .acidic urine increases - ANSWER-the excretion of weak basic drugs .active transport - ANSWER-against concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP) .aerosol - ANSWER-very rapid onset, extremely large surface area for absorption and blood supply used mostly for a local effect (bronchodilators, steroids, pentamidine) .agonist - ANSWER-drug that combines with a receptor and produces the same response as an endogenous chemical stimulates the release of endogenous chemical affinity and efficacy (intrinsic activity) .alkaline urine increases - ANSWER-the excretion of weak acid drugs .allergy (hypersensitivity) - ANSWER-an adverse immune reaction that results from a previous exposure to a particular chemical or one that is structurally similar .antagonist (blocker) - ANSWER-a drug that combines with a receptor used by an endogenous chemical and blocks or diminishes the response of the endogenous agent inhibits the release of endogenous agent .ATP-binding cassette (ABC transporters) - ANSWER-efflux .bioavailability - ANSWER-extent (%) to which a drug reaches its site of action, or a biological fluid that has access to that site (ex: oral bioavailability of acetaminophen is 90%) *formulation of oral dosage (ex: very hard tablets do not dissolve) .blood brain barrier - ANSWER-membranes separating the blood from the CSF and brain are considerably more restrictive than any other membrane the brain is highly lipophilic some drugs will concentrate in the brain (CNS depressants) and others may be completely excluded (many antibiotics) .ceiling effect - ANSWER-more drug will not change response (saturation) .clearance - ANSWER-rate at which drug is eliminated from the body (volume of blood that gets eliminated of drug/time) .clearance of a drug (CL) - ANSWER-rate of drug elimination in relation to drug concentration (CL = rate of elimination/C) abnormal if impairment of kidney, liver, or heart .clearance: excretion - ANSWER-drugs are eliminated from the body either unchanged or as metabolites (the products of transformation reactions) kidney feces, breast milk, lungs .clinical pharmacology - ANSWER-the effects of drugs on humans .competitive antagonism - ANSWER-agonist and antagonist compete for same receptor site .distribution - ANSWER-second phase of PK movement of drug through compartments usually carried by blood to tissues to cells to receptors binding of a drug to protein may significantly affect its bioavailability drugs bound to anything other than a receptor are inactive (drugs must be free or unbound to proteins in order to bind to receptors and have an effect) .dose v. response - ANSWER-amount v. effect on body .drug - ANSWER-any agent that can be used to treat, diagnose or prevent disease chemical name generic or trivial name abbreviation brand name .drug elimination - ANSWER-metabolism and excretion liver and kidneys .drug metabolism - ANSWER-body tries to convert any chemical into one that is inactive and water soluble for excretion