Evolve HESI Fundamentals Test BNK REAL EXAM
questions and VERIFIED Answers with DETAILED
RATIONALES graded A+ 2025 UPDATED SERIES A
GUARANTEED PASS ACE YOUR EXAM
1. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
a) Block alpha-adrenergic receptors
b) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
c) Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
d) Block calcium channels
Answer: b) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
Rationale: Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood
pressure.
2. Which antibiotic class is associated with tendon rupture as a side effect?
a) Penicillins
b) Cephalosporins
c) Fluoroquinolones
d) Macrolides
Answer: c) Fluoroquinolones
Rationale: Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, can cause tendon rupture, especially in older adults.
3. What is the antidote for heparin overdose?
a) Vitamin K
b) Protamine sulfate
c) Naloxone
d) Flumazenil
Answer: b) Protamine sulfate
Rationale: Protamine sulfate neutralizes the effects of heparin by binding to it.
4. Which drug is used to treat opioid overdose?
a) Flumazenil
b) Naloxone
c) Protamine sulfate
d) Vitamin K
Answer: b) Naloxone
Rationale: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that reverses the effects of opioid overdose.
5. What is the primary side effect of ACE inhibitors?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Dry cough
LAUREN JAMES 1
, d) Bradycardia
Answer: c) Dry cough
Rationale: A dry cough is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors due to increased bradykinin levels.
6. Which drug is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries?
a) Metoprolol
b) Nitroglycerin
c) Lisinopril
d) Furosemide
Answer: b) Nitroglycerin
Rationale: Nitroglycerin dilates coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart and relieving angina.
7. What is the primary side effect of digoxin toxicity?
a) Hypertension
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
d) Tachycardia
Answer: c) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
Rationale: Visual disturbances, such as seeing yellow-green halos, are a classic sign of digoxin toxicity.
8. Which drug is used to treat atrial fibrillation by slowing the heart rate?
a) Digoxin
b) Amiodarone
c) Metoprolol
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: Digoxin, amiodarone, and metoprolol are all used to control heart rate in atrial fibrillation.
9. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
a) Inhibits protein synthesis
b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
c) Disrupts bacterial DNA
d) Inhibits folic acid synthesis
Answer: b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Rationale: Penicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis.
10. Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal bone and teeth discoloration?
a) Amoxicillin
b) Tetracycline
c) Erythromycin
d) Cephalexin
Answer: b) Tetracycline
Rationale: Tetracycline can cause fetal bone and teeth discoloration when used during pregnancy.
11. What is the primary side effect of aminoglycosides?
a) Hepatotoxicity
b) Nephrotoxicity
c) Ototoxicity
d) Neurotoxicity
Answer: c) Ototoxicity
Rationale: Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity.
LAUREN JAMES 2
, 12. Which antibiotic is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
a) Vancomycin
b) Amoxicillin
c) Ciprofloxacin
d) Azithromycin
Answer: a) Vancomycin
Rationale: Vancomycin is the drug of choice for treating MRSA infections.
13. What is the primary mechanism of action of statins?
a) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
b) Block calcium channels
c) Inhibit ACE
d) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
Answer: a) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Rationale: Statins lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol
synthesis.
14. Which drug is used to treat hypertension by blocking calcium channels?
a) Lisinopril
b) Metoprolol
c) Amlodipine
d) Furosemide
Answer: c) Amlodipine
Rationale: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.
15. What is the primary side effect of metformin?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Lactic acidosis
c) Weight gain
d) Hyperkalemia
Answer: b) Lactic acidosis
Rationale: Metformin can rarely cause lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment.
16. Which drug is used to treat type 1 diabetes?
a) Metformin
b) Insulin
c) Glipizide
d) Pioglitazone
Answer: b) Insulin
Rationale: Insulin is essential for managing type 1 diabetes, as these patients lack endogenous insulin
production.
17. What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
a) Neutralize stomach acid
b) Block histamine receptors
c) Inhibit gastric acid secretion
d) Protect the gastric lining
Answer: c) Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Rationale: PPIs, such as omeprazole, inhibit the proton pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing acid
secretion.
LAUREN JAMES 3
, 18. Which drug is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
a) Omeprazole
b) Ranitidine
c) Sucralfate
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: Omeprazole (PPI), ranitidine (H2 blocker), and sucralfate (mucosal protectant) are all used to
treat GERD.
19. What is the primary side effect of corticosteroids?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypotension
d) Hypokalemia
Answer: b) Hyperglycemia
Rationale: Corticosteroids can increase blood glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia.
20. Which drug is used to treat anaphylaxis?
a) Diphenhydramine
b) Epinephrine
c) Prednisone
d) Albuterol
Answer: b) Epinephrine
Rationale: Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis due to its rapid vasoconstrictive and
bronchodilatory effects.
21. What is the primary mechanism of action of warfarin?
a) Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
b) Inhibits platelet aggregation
c) Dissolves blood clots
d) Increases fibrinogen levels
Answer: a) Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Rationale: Warfarin inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X).
22. Which drug is used to reverse the effects of warfarin?
a) Protamine sulfate
b) Vitamin K
c) Naloxone
d) Flumazenil
Answer: b) Vitamin K
Rationale: Vitamin K reverses the anticoagulant effects of warfarin by promoting the synthesis of clotting
factors.
23. What is the primary side effect of NSAIDs?
a) Gastrointestinal bleeding
b) Hypoglycemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Bradycardia
Answer: a) Gastrointestinal bleeding
Rationale: NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can cause gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding due to inhibition of
protective prostaglandins.
LAUREN JAMES 4
questions and VERIFIED Answers with DETAILED
RATIONALES graded A+ 2025 UPDATED SERIES A
GUARANTEED PASS ACE YOUR EXAM
1. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
a) Block alpha-adrenergic receptors
b) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
c) Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
d) Block calcium channels
Answer: b) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
Rationale: Beta-blockers work by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood
pressure.
2. Which antibiotic class is associated with tendon rupture as a side effect?
a) Penicillins
b) Cephalosporins
c) Fluoroquinolones
d) Macrolides
Answer: c) Fluoroquinolones
Rationale: Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, can cause tendon rupture, especially in older adults.
3. What is the antidote for heparin overdose?
a) Vitamin K
b) Protamine sulfate
c) Naloxone
d) Flumazenil
Answer: b) Protamine sulfate
Rationale: Protamine sulfate neutralizes the effects of heparin by binding to it.
4. Which drug is used to treat opioid overdose?
a) Flumazenil
b) Naloxone
c) Protamine sulfate
d) Vitamin K
Answer: b) Naloxone
Rationale: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that reverses the effects of opioid overdose.
5. What is the primary side effect of ACE inhibitors?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Dry cough
LAUREN JAMES 1
, d) Bradycardia
Answer: c) Dry cough
Rationale: A dry cough is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors due to increased bradykinin levels.
6. Which drug is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries?
a) Metoprolol
b) Nitroglycerin
c) Lisinopril
d) Furosemide
Answer: b) Nitroglycerin
Rationale: Nitroglycerin dilates coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart and relieving angina.
7. What is the primary side effect of digoxin toxicity?
a) Hypertension
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
d) Tachycardia
Answer: c) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
Rationale: Visual disturbances, such as seeing yellow-green halos, are a classic sign of digoxin toxicity.
8. Which drug is used to treat atrial fibrillation by slowing the heart rate?
a) Digoxin
b) Amiodarone
c) Metoprolol
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: Digoxin, amiodarone, and metoprolol are all used to control heart rate in atrial fibrillation.
9. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
a) Inhibits protein synthesis
b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
c) Disrupts bacterial DNA
d) Inhibits folic acid synthesis
Answer: b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Rationale: Penicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis.
10. Which antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal bone and teeth discoloration?
a) Amoxicillin
b) Tetracycline
c) Erythromycin
d) Cephalexin
Answer: b) Tetracycline
Rationale: Tetracycline can cause fetal bone and teeth discoloration when used during pregnancy.
11. What is the primary side effect of aminoglycosides?
a) Hepatotoxicity
b) Nephrotoxicity
c) Ototoxicity
d) Neurotoxicity
Answer: c) Ototoxicity
Rationale: Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity.
LAUREN JAMES 2
, 12. Which antibiotic is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
a) Vancomycin
b) Amoxicillin
c) Ciprofloxacin
d) Azithromycin
Answer: a) Vancomycin
Rationale: Vancomycin is the drug of choice for treating MRSA infections.
13. What is the primary mechanism of action of statins?
a) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
b) Block calcium channels
c) Inhibit ACE
d) Block beta-adrenergic receptors
Answer: a) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Rationale: Statins lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol
synthesis.
14. Which drug is used to treat hypertension by blocking calcium channels?
a) Lisinopril
b) Metoprolol
c) Amlodipine
d) Furosemide
Answer: c) Amlodipine
Rationale: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.
15. What is the primary side effect of metformin?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Lactic acidosis
c) Weight gain
d) Hyperkalemia
Answer: b) Lactic acidosis
Rationale: Metformin can rarely cause lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment.
16. Which drug is used to treat type 1 diabetes?
a) Metformin
b) Insulin
c) Glipizide
d) Pioglitazone
Answer: b) Insulin
Rationale: Insulin is essential for managing type 1 diabetes, as these patients lack endogenous insulin
production.
17. What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
a) Neutralize stomach acid
b) Block histamine receptors
c) Inhibit gastric acid secretion
d) Protect the gastric lining
Answer: c) Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Rationale: PPIs, such as omeprazole, inhibit the proton pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing acid
secretion.
LAUREN JAMES 3
, 18. Which drug is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
a) Omeprazole
b) Ranitidine
c) Sucralfate
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: Omeprazole (PPI), ranitidine (H2 blocker), and sucralfate (mucosal protectant) are all used to
treat GERD.
19. What is the primary side effect of corticosteroids?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypotension
d) Hypokalemia
Answer: b) Hyperglycemia
Rationale: Corticosteroids can increase blood glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia.
20. Which drug is used to treat anaphylaxis?
a) Diphenhydramine
b) Epinephrine
c) Prednisone
d) Albuterol
Answer: b) Epinephrine
Rationale: Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis due to its rapid vasoconstrictive and
bronchodilatory effects.
21. What is the primary mechanism of action of warfarin?
a) Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
b) Inhibits platelet aggregation
c) Dissolves blood clots
d) Increases fibrinogen levels
Answer: a) Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Rationale: Warfarin inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X).
22. Which drug is used to reverse the effects of warfarin?
a) Protamine sulfate
b) Vitamin K
c) Naloxone
d) Flumazenil
Answer: b) Vitamin K
Rationale: Vitamin K reverses the anticoagulant effects of warfarin by promoting the synthesis of clotting
factors.
23. What is the primary side effect of NSAIDs?
a) Gastrointestinal bleeding
b) Hypoglycemia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Bradycardia
Answer: a) Gastrointestinal bleeding
Rationale: NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can cause gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding due to inhibition of
protective prostaglandins.
LAUREN JAMES 4
