OCR Psychology, Core Studies, AS Exam Questions With Correct Answers

OCR Psychology, Core Studies, AS Exam Questions With Correct Answers bandura et al; assumption - ANSWER-behaviour is a mix of nature and nurture .bandura link to area - ANSWER-behaviour change is a result of nature and nurture learning of aggression could be mix of nature and nurture, nature because males may be more predisosed to violence, nurture because of SLT nature: boys shoed higher rates of aggression nurture; those in aggressive condition copied more aggression acts that those not in aggressive condition .bandura link to key theme - ANSWER-social leaning can expalin aggressive behaviour charictoristics of rolemodel influence how likely the acts were to be copied boys more aggressive than girls so could be natureexplinations too .bandura linmk to perspective - ANSWER-behaviour is learnt study ahows aggression can be learnt, SLT shows another way this can happen showed that even indirect observation of aggression can lead to imitaion, even without reinforcment .Bandura; Aim - ANSWER-To demonstrate that if children are passive witnesses to either an aggressive or non-aggressive display by an adult they will imitate the adult's behaviour when given the opportunity. .Bandura; Conclusion - ANSWER-Children exposed to the aggressive models showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggressive behaviour than children in the non-aggressive or control conditions. They also showed more partial and non-imitative aggression than the other conditions. Children exposed to the non-aggressive model showed less aggressive behaviour. Children were more likely to copy the behaviour of the same-sex model. Boys imitated male models more than girls for physical and verbal aggression, non-imitative aggression and gun play. Girls imitated female models more than boys for verbal imitative aggression and non-imitative aggression. Boys showed overall more aggression than girls. .Bandura; Hypothesis - ANSWER-Participants exposed to the aggressive models will reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of the models. The observation of subdued non-aggressive models will have a generalised inhibiting effect on the ppts subsequent behaviour. Participants will imitate the behaviour of a same-sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex. Boys will be more predisposed to than girls towards imitating aggression. .Bandura; Model conditions - ANSWER-Aggressive model conditions: - 6 boys with same sex - 6 boys with opposite sex - 6 girls with same sex - 6 girls with opposite sex Same for non-aggressive model conditions .Bandura; Procedure - ANSWER-The children were assessed on their aggressiveness on four 5-point scales, then matched for each group. The children watched the model either playing nicely with the toys or aggressively with the Bobo doll in the first room. (The control group missed this one) They were then taken to a second room and left alone to play, then told that these toys were the best toys and for other children, so that all children had the same level of anger/aggression. In the third room there were toys, and a Bobo doll. The children were observed for 20 minutes through one way glass on how imitative their behaviour was of the model. The observers did not know whether the children were the aggressive, non-aggressive, or control group. Measures Imitation of the adult model - Imitation of physical aggression - Imitation of of verbal aggression - Imitative non-aggressive verbal responses Partial imitation of the adult model - Mallet aggression - Sits on Bobo Non-imitative physical and verbal aggression - Punches Bobo - Non-imitative physical and verbal aggression - Aggressive gun play Non-aggressive behaviour .Bandura; Research Method and Design - ANSWER-Lab experiment Matched pairs (based on aggression) .Bandura; Sample - ANSWER-36 boys and girls aged between 3-5 years (mean:4) from Stanford Uni Nursery School. .Bandura; Variables - ANSWER-IV: Exposure to model (Control, aggressive, non-aggressive) DV: Amount of imitative aggressive behaviour .Baron-Cohen et al, Freud; sim/diff - ANSWER-sim; both useful to psychiatrists diff; case vs quasi qual vs quant .Baron-Cohen et al; aim - ANSWER-to devise a more challenging task to test for ToM and use this to show that individuals with asbergers syndrome lack a ToM demonstraight that this defecit is unique to asd by compairing their performance against normal p's and TS p's .Baron-Cohen et al; assumption - ANSWER-to learn more about behaviour we should look at differences rather than similarities .Baron-Cohen et al; key theme - ANSWER-understanding disorders .Baron-Cohen et al; link to area - ANSWER-facous on individual differences baron cohen looks at 3 different groups, and their ability to perform the eyes task findings show that autistic p's performed significantly worse on test than other two groups, due to their lack of ToM, thus we have learnt more about their condition .Baron-Cohen et al; link to key theme - ANSWER-understanding disorders investigated ToM in high functioning adults with autism even these people had dificulty with ToM eyes task is a valid test of ToM suitable for adults with high functioning autism .Baron-Cohen et al; Research Method and Design - ANSWER-Quasi lab and field settings .Baron-Cohen et al; sample - ANSWER-group 1 (asd) 16 p's 13m:3f volenteer sample normal inteligence, average age: 28.6 group 2 (normal) 50 p's 25m:25f random sample, no inteligence test average age of 30 group 3 (ts) 10 p's 8m:2f from referal centre, normal inteligance average age of 27.8 .Baron-Cohen et al; variables - ANSWER-IV: autistic, ts or normal DV: eyes task performance .Baron-Cohen; conclusion - ANSWER-even high functioning adults with autism struggle to recognise mental states in others .Baron-Cohen; procedure - ANSWER-participants were shown 25 black and white photographs of eyes for three seconds each and asked to chose between two mental states represented by the photographs. some were simple such as "sad" or "afraid" but some were more complex like "fantasising" or "noticing" control talks: asked to identify the gender of the eyes, and a basic emotion task, in which p's had to identify basic emotions in photographs of entire faces .Baron-Cohen; results - ANSWER-the autism group did significantly worse than the control group in identifying emotions .bocchiaro assumption - ANSWER-Behavoir is a result of situational factors and the context .Bocchiaro et al; Aim - ANSWER-To investigate the rates of obedience, disobedience, and whistle-blowing in a situation where no physical violence was involved but where it was clear that the instructions were ethically wrong. To investigate the accuracy of people's estimates of obedience, disobedience, and whistle-blowing in this situation. To investigate the role of dispositional factors in obedience, disobedience, and whistle-blowing.