GEO 373 CMU Exam 6 Questions And Answers Well Detailed 100% Explained.

Four Areas of Economic Growth - correct answer 1. The era after independence from 1810 to ca. 1870 2. The era of initial globalization and exports from the 1870s until the Great Depression 3. The era of state control from WWII until the 1990s 4. The era of privatization at the present period. Agricultural base degradation(roots of poverty in Latin America/subsistence farmers problems/Amazon concerns/percent of land in agriculture) - correct answer Latin America has seen degradation in the areas of soils, forests, desertification, salinization of soils, contamination of ground and surface fresh water, erosion, and biodiversity. The areas of most concern are in tropical and mountainous regions in Mexico, Brazil, Central America, the Caribbean, and the Andean Cordillera. In the Amazon, poor soils and erosion are major concerns. Climate change has become a major concern within the agriculture sector in Latin America. Latin America's agricultural land represents 37.7% of land area in Latin America and Caribbean and about 1.7 million ha of land (8.7% of the total land area) is under cultivation. FTAs (free trade agreements), CUs (customs unions) and CMs (Common Markets) - correct answer Agreements between member countries to remove duties and trade barriers on products traded among them. Three policy shifts-(Nationalization of companies, expanded intraregional & global international trade, and reducing inflation & debt) - correct answer (1)Nationalization of companies is no longer the ultimate goal and many government-owned businesses have been privatized to sell off unprofitable companies and attack debt crisis. (2)Many countries have liberalized their trade policies and entered an era of expanded intraregional and global international trade. (3)Latin American countries have moved to stabilize their economies by reducing inflation and debt. Mercosur or Southern Common Market - correct answer (1991 by Treaty of Asuncion) consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela and is a trade bloc designed to lower tariffs and increase democracy and create more standardized trade policies. The Pacific Alliance - correct answer (2011) includes Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. This bloc is designed to facilitate a free movement of goods, services, and peoples between the countries with the eventual integration of their economies. The Bolivarian Alliance (ALBA) - correct answer (2004) includes Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Granada, Nicaragua, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Venezuela as well as "special guests" Haiti, Surinam and Syria. This bloc formed by Venezuela and Cuba had as a goal to further the socialist aims of the two countries by cooperation. The Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) - correct answer includes the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and since 2004, the Dominican Republic. This agreement represented the first multinational agreement between the United States and several smaller nations. Caribbean Community (CARICOM) - correct answer includes Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and .Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands. This is an organization of nations in the Caribbean with the objective is to promote economic integration and cooperation and to coordinate foreign policy. LAIA - Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) - correct answer includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. This is an organization to promote cooperation and trade among its geographically diverse and separated members. Andean Community of Nations (ANCOM) (CAN) - correct answer includes Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. This is a customs Union of nations tied together by the geography of the Andes Mountains. Association of Caribbean States (ACS) - correct answer includes Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Granada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St Lucia, St Kitts& Nevis, St Vincent & Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela. This is a trade organization to facilitate trade and cooperation among the dispersed islands in the Caribbean area. North-America Free Trade Area (NAFTA) - correct answer includes Canada, Mexico and the United States which Became law: January 1, 1994 and over a 15 year period: reduced tariffs (99% of goods traded), increased investment opportunities, protected intellectual property, and applied national environmental standards and increased the number of Maquiladoras (tariff free factories). -- Currently NAFTA is being renegotiated by the three nations. major tourist areas and locations - correct answer Acapulco, Cancun , Ixtapa, Los Cabos Residential Tourism - correct answer short term lifestyle migration or in the case of retirees from Canada and the United States is of longer duration. 4 stages in the development of Latin American manufacturing and details - correct answer 1. 1820s - 1870s During this period manufacturing industries remained limited to the same types of goods manufactured or processed during the colonial period. 2. 1870s - 1930s Manufacturing expanded towards the end of the nineteenth century. British investment was instrumental in the construction of railroads, establishment of meat-processing plants, and expanding mining operations. Then great depression 3.1940s - 1980s During the 1940s, Latin American countries began to adopt an economic strategy known as import substitution industrialization (ISI). The objectives of ISI were to minimize dependence on foreign countries, to correct for the negative balance of trade, and, ideally, to attain self-sufficiency. 4. 1980s - PRESENT Owing to its disappointing results, Latin American countries began to shift away from ISI to a free-market, export-oriented development strategy. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) - correct answer The objectives of ISI were to minimize dependence on foreign countries for products, to correct for the negative balance of trade, and, ideally to attain self-sufficiency.