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2025 STUDY GUIDE
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A+
,Describe types of conflict
George Simmel has mentioned four types of conflict:
a. War
b. Feud or factional Strife
c. Litigation
d. Conflict of impersonal ideals.
1. War - represents a deep seated antagonistic impulse in man. It is a worst type of conflict which aims
at the destruction of the opponent. When all the efforts to resolve the conflict between two nations fail,
war finally breaks out as it in the only alternative to the peaceful means of solution.
2. Feud or Factional strife - It is an intra-group conflict. Ittakes place among the members of the same
group. The degree of feud varies in groups.
3. Litigation - is a judicial form of conflict. People take recourse to legal means in the courts of law to
protect their right to possessions. This type of conflict is more objective in nature.
4. Conflict of impersonal ideals - When individuals fight not for their personal gain, but for some ideal. In
such a conflict, each party attempts to justify truthfulness of its own ideals. For example, a political party
always tries to prove that its ideals are better than that of the other political parties
The Health Belief Model is a behaviour change theory/model that has been applied in
the development of programs aimed at reducing the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS.
Using condom use as an example, explain each of the following stages in brief
A) Perceived Threat refers to:
B) Perceived Benefits refers to:
C) Perceived Barriers are:
D) Cues to Action refers to:
E) Self efficacy:
A) Perceived Threat refers to: a person's belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease and their
chances of contracting it
B) Perceived Benefits refers to: correct and constant use of condoms may reduce HIV infections
C) Perceived Barriers are: are barriers like the costs of the condom which are high and not manageable
by everyone. also some religions are against the use of condoms
D) Cues to Action refers to: they include giving out free condoms and appealing condom advertising
E) Self efficacy: due to high confidence in condom use there have been constant use of condoms
What is the g factor in intelligence and who developed it?
The fluid ability to bring together a variety of cognitive abilities in the aim of problem solving thus
accumulating crystallised knowledge that in turn facilitates higher level reasoning. Developed by Charles
spearman
Give 2 definitions of intelligence that offer different perspectives on the matter in question 1. (G factor)
Wechsler - the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and
to deal effectively with his environment while.
,Gardener - the ability or set of abilities that allows a person to solve a problem or create a product that
is of value in one or more cultures
Define IQ
Intelligence Quotient -measure of intelligence that takes into account a Childs mental and chronological
age.
MA is the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age
CA is the actual age of the child taking the Intelligence test
IQ = MA / CA x 100
Briefly describe Paget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor stage - expands from birth to approximately 2 yrs Infants develop
an understanding of the world through trial and error using their senses and actions
2. pre-operational stage - Use of symbols, language use matures, memory and imagination
are developed, thinking is non-logical and non-reversible.
3. concrete operational stage - Intelligence is demonstrated through logical and
systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects.
4. formal operational stage - Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use
of symbols related to abstract concepts.
Name and state the roles of the 2 major components of the criminal justice system in Kenya?
1) law enforcement: officers investigate crimes and also gather and protect evidence, may also arrest
criminals and also testify in courts
2) courts: they are overseen by judges who make sure the rule of law is followed. They
listen to evidence presented by the lawyers and the prosecutor arguing for the guilt or
innocence of the accused. The judges also make jail and bail sentences to the offenders
Name and describe 2 main types of socialisation
1. primarily socialisation: it is influenced by immediate friends and families, it involves a
child learning the norms and way of life of society around them through experiences,
interactions and observations
2. anticipatory socialisation is where we start learning new norms and values in
anticipation of a role we'll occupy in the future its facilitated by social interactions eg. law
students acting like lawyers
Briefly describe 5 of the 7 major themes in social psychology
1. social cognition; it's a theme that focuses on the role the cognitive process plays In
our social interactions
2. Attitudes and persuasion; explains how people's attitudes are changed through
persuasion
3. group processes; explains how an organisation works to ensure things are done
4. the self; it explains the aspects of one identify influenced by interpersonal relationships
and the reactions of other people
5. prosocial behaviour; they are behaviours intended to benefit others or society as whole
, When individuals smoke (Behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer
(Cognition)
What state are they in?
cognitive dissonance
What is another example of cognitive dissonance?
when one person thinks they love animals but enjoy eating animals meat
What is the opposite of cognitive dissonance?
cognitive consonance
How can one reduce the state of cognitive dissonance?
it can be reduced by changing existing beliefs; adding new beliefs and reducing the
importance of old beliefs and change of attitude
Give 5 reasons why mental health services should be provided at the primary health
care facility
A) reduced stigmas for people with mental disorders and their families making this mode
more acceptable
B) improved and better access to care
C)because of Better physical and financial accessibility more people with mental disorders are treated
and followed up on
D) human rights protection since the people with mental health disorders are not taken to
pyschiatric centres that are related with human rights violations
E) improving human resource capacity for mental health and also better outcomes after treatment
Briefly explain five priorities of health promotion in the 21st Century
A) promotes social responsibility for health
B) increase investment for health development especially for women, older persons and
marginalised communities
C) Consolidate and expand partnerships for health to enable sharing of skills and
resources
D) increase community capacity and empower the individual
E) secure an infrastructure for health promotion through new funding mechanisms
The following terms refer to the study of genetics and human behaviour: define each term briefly- in
one sentence briefly define the following terms [10 Marks]
A) Environment
B) External environment-
C) Internal environment-
D) Heritability
E) Epigenetic tags
2025 STUDY GUIDE
GUARANTEED PASS- GRADED
A+
,Describe types of conflict
George Simmel has mentioned four types of conflict:
a. War
b. Feud or factional Strife
c. Litigation
d. Conflict of impersonal ideals.
1. War - represents a deep seated antagonistic impulse in man. It is a worst type of conflict which aims
at the destruction of the opponent. When all the efforts to resolve the conflict between two nations fail,
war finally breaks out as it in the only alternative to the peaceful means of solution.
2. Feud or Factional strife - It is an intra-group conflict. Ittakes place among the members of the same
group. The degree of feud varies in groups.
3. Litigation - is a judicial form of conflict. People take recourse to legal means in the courts of law to
protect their right to possessions. This type of conflict is more objective in nature.
4. Conflict of impersonal ideals - When individuals fight not for their personal gain, but for some ideal. In
such a conflict, each party attempts to justify truthfulness of its own ideals. For example, a political party
always tries to prove that its ideals are better than that of the other political parties
The Health Belief Model is a behaviour change theory/model that has been applied in
the development of programs aimed at reducing the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS.
Using condom use as an example, explain each of the following stages in brief
A) Perceived Threat refers to:
B) Perceived Benefits refers to:
C) Perceived Barriers are:
D) Cues to Action refers to:
E) Self efficacy:
A) Perceived Threat refers to: a person's belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease and their
chances of contracting it
B) Perceived Benefits refers to: correct and constant use of condoms may reduce HIV infections
C) Perceived Barriers are: are barriers like the costs of the condom which are high and not manageable
by everyone. also some religions are against the use of condoms
D) Cues to Action refers to: they include giving out free condoms and appealing condom advertising
E) Self efficacy: due to high confidence in condom use there have been constant use of condoms
What is the g factor in intelligence and who developed it?
The fluid ability to bring together a variety of cognitive abilities in the aim of problem solving thus
accumulating crystallised knowledge that in turn facilitates higher level reasoning. Developed by Charles
spearman
Give 2 definitions of intelligence that offer different perspectives on the matter in question 1. (G factor)
Wechsler - the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and
to deal effectively with his environment while.
,Gardener - the ability or set of abilities that allows a person to solve a problem or create a product that
is of value in one or more cultures
Define IQ
Intelligence Quotient -measure of intelligence that takes into account a Childs mental and chronological
age.
MA is the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age
CA is the actual age of the child taking the Intelligence test
IQ = MA / CA x 100
Briefly describe Paget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor stage - expands from birth to approximately 2 yrs Infants develop
an understanding of the world through trial and error using their senses and actions
2. pre-operational stage - Use of symbols, language use matures, memory and imagination
are developed, thinking is non-logical and non-reversible.
3. concrete operational stage - Intelligence is demonstrated through logical and
systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects.
4. formal operational stage - Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use
of symbols related to abstract concepts.
Name and state the roles of the 2 major components of the criminal justice system in Kenya?
1) law enforcement: officers investigate crimes and also gather and protect evidence, may also arrest
criminals and also testify in courts
2) courts: they are overseen by judges who make sure the rule of law is followed. They
listen to evidence presented by the lawyers and the prosecutor arguing for the guilt or
innocence of the accused. The judges also make jail and bail sentences to the offenders
Name and describe 2 main types of socialisation
1. primarily socialisation: it is influenced by immediate friends and families, it involves a
child learning the norms and way of life of society around them through experiences,
interactions and observations
2. anticipatory socialisation is where we start learning new norms and values in
anticipation of a role we'll occupy in the future its facilitated by social interactions eg. law
students acting like lawyers
Briefly describe 5 of the 7 major themes in social psychology
1. social cognition; it's a theme that focuses on the role the cognitive process plays In
our social interactions
2. Attitudes and persuasion; explains how people's attitudes are changed through
persuasion
3. group processes; explains how an organisation works to ensure things are done
4. the self; it explains the aspects of one identify influenced by interpersonal relationships
and the reactions of other people
5. prosocial behaviour; they are behaviours intended to benefit others or society as whole
, When individuals smoke (Behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer
(Cognition)
What state are they in?
cognitive dissonance
What is another example of cognitive dissonance?
when one person thinks they love animals but enjoy eating animals meat
What is the opposite of cognitive dissonance?
cognitive consonance
How can one reduce the state of cognitive dissonance?
it can be reduced by changing existing beliefs; adding new beliefs and reducing the
importance of old beliefs and change of attitude
Give 5 reasons why mental health services should be provided at the primary health
care facility
A) reduced stigmas for people with mental disorders and their families making this mode
more acceptable
B) improved and better access to care
C)because of Better physical and financial accessibility more people with mental disorders are treated
and followed up on
D) human rights protection since the people with mental health disorders are not taken to
pyschiatric centres that are related with human rights violations
E) improving human resource capacity for mental health and also better outcomes after treatment
Briefly explain five priorities of health promotion in the 21st Century
A) promotes social responsibility for health
B) increase investment for health development especially for women, older persons and
marginalised communities
C) Consolidate and expand partnerships for health to enable sharing of skills and
resources
D) increase community capacity and empower the individual
E) secure an infrastructure for health promotion through new funding mechanisms
The following terms refer to the study of genetics and human behaviour: define each term briefly- in
one sentence briefly define the following terms [10 Marks]
A) Environment
B) External environment-
C) Internal environment-
D) Heritability
E) Epigenetic tags
