NURS 328 - Understanding Research
_________ emerge from the data - ANS-themes
\_______________ frequencies cannot be interpreted the same as survey statistical
frequencies - ANS-quasi-statistical
\A ______________ design does not include mechanisms to compensate for the absence of
either randomization or control group. - ANS-pre experimental
\A ______________ study begins with the occurrence of the dependent variable in the present
and then links this effect to some presumed caused which occurred in the past. -
ANS-retrospective
\A convenience sample from a strata of the population - ANS-Quota
\A high level of ___________ has the potential to alter the behavior of the study participants. -
ANS-obtrusiveness
\A hypothesis - ANS-requires at least two variables
\A null hypothesis - ANS-states that there is no expected relationship between the independent
and dependent variables
\A subset of the population - ANS-Sample
\A tabulation of the frequency of themes - ANS-quasi-statistical
\A type of sampling where every kth case is selected from a list - ANS-Systematic
\A way to make statistical tables more efficient and readable. - ANS-Standardization
\Abstract - ANS-a brief description (100-200 words) of the study placed at the beginning of the
article
\Abstract Journal Article - ANS-summarizes articles that have appeared in other journals
\Accessible Population - ANS-the population of people available for a particular study; often a
nonrandom subset of the target population
\An adjustment procedure used to estimate population values - ANS-Selection
\Analysis - ANS-Would parametric tests have been more appropriate?
Were the statistical tests appropriate given the level of measurement of the variables?
\Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) - ANS-a statistical procedure used to test mean differences
among groups o a dependent variable, while controlling for one or more extraneous variables
(covariates)
\Anonymity - ANS-protection of participants in a study such that even the researcher cannot link
individuals with the information provided
\Anonymity - ANS-protection of participants that even the researcher cannot link individuals with
information provided
\Another name for multistage sampling - ANS-Cluster
\Assent - ANS-the affirmative agreement of a vulnerable subject (e.g., a child) to participate in a
study
\Attrition - ANS-the loss of participants over the course of a study, which can create bias and
undermine internal validity by changing the composition of the sample, particularly if more
participants are lost from one group (e.g., experimental) than another (e.g., controls)
,\Audit Trail - ANS-the systematic documentation of material that allows an independent auditor
of a qualitative study to draw conclusions about the trustworthiness of the data
\Auditability - ANS-the extent to which an external reviewer or reader can follow a qualitative
researcher's steps and decisions and draw conclusions about the analysis and interpretation of
the data
\Axial Coding - ANS-the second level of coding in grounded theory study using the Strauss and
Corbin approach, involving the process of categorizing, recategorizing, and condensing all first
level codes by connecting a category and its subcategories
\Basic approaches to data collection can be categorized as: - ANS-self-reports, observational
techniques and biophysiologic measures
\Basic Social Process (BSP) - ANS-the central social process emerging through an analysis of
grounded theory data
\Being-in-the-world (or embodiment) - ANS-a concept that acknowledges people's physical ties
to their world; they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies' interaction with
the world
\Beneficence - ANS-a fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent harm and exploitation
of, and maximize benefits for, study participants
\Beneficence - ANS-seek to prevent harm and maximize benefits for participants
\Between-Subjects Design - ANS-a research design in which there are separate groups of
people being compared (e.g., smokers and non-smokers)
\Bias - ANS-any influence that produces a distortion in the results of a study
\Biophysiologic Measures - ANS-1) can provide quantitative information
2) not usually part of the data collection plan for qualitative studies
3) can be used to collect data from very young children
4) can be used in combination with other data collection methods
\Biophysiologic Measures - ANS-measures of biological function obtained through use of
technology, such as electrocardiogram
\Black Box Question - ANS-understanding what it is about the intervention that is driving
observed effects
\Borrowed Theory - ANS-a theory borrowed from another discipline to guide nursing practice or
research
\Bracketing - ANS-in phenomenological inquiries, the process of identifying and holding in
abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomena under study
\Bricolage - ANS-the tendency in qualitative research to assemble a complex array of data from
a variety of sources, using a variety of method
\Case Study - ANS-a research method involving a thorough, in-depth analysis of an individual,
group, institution, or other social unit
\Case-Control Design - ANS-a non-experimental research design involving the comparison of a
"case" (e.g., a person with the condition under scrutiny, such as lung cancer) and a matched
control (a similar person without the condition)
\Category System - ANS-in observational studies, the prespecified plan for organizing and
recording the behaviors and events under observation; in qualitative studies, the system used to
sort and organize narrative data
, \Cause-and-Effect (or causal) Relationship - ANS-a relationship between two variables such that
the presence or absence of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or absence, or
value, of the other (the "effect")
\Central (Core) Category - ANS-the main theme of the research in a Strauss and Corbin
grounded theory analysis
\Clinical Trial - ANS-a study designed to assess the safety and effectiveness of a new clinical
treatment, sometimes involving several phases, one of which (Phase III) is a randomized clinical
trial using an experimental design and, often, a large and heterogeneous sample of subjects
\Closed-Ended Question or Fixed-Alternative Question - ANS-a question that offers respondents
a set of mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive alternative response options, from which the
one most closely approximating the "right" answer must be chosen
\Cluster Sampling - ANS-a form of sampling in which large groupings ("clusters") are selected
first (e.g., nursing schools), with successive subsampling of smaller units (e.g., nursing
students)
\Code of Ethics - ANS-the fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution
to guide researchers' conduct in research with human (or animal) subjects
\Coding - ANS-the process of transforming raw data into standardized form for data processing
and analysis; in quantitative research, the process of attaching numbers to categories; in
qualitative research, the process of identifying recurring words, themes, or concepts within the
data
\Coercion - ANS-in a research context, the explicit or implicit use of threats (or excessive
rewards) to gain people's cooperation in a study
\Comparison Group - ANS-a group of subjects whose scores on a dependent variable are used
to evaluate the outcomes of the group of primary interest (e.g., nonsmokers as a comparison
group for smokers); term often used in lieu of control group when the study design is not a true
experiment
\Concept (in quantitative research) - ANS-an abstraction based on observation of, or inferences
from, behaviors or characteristic (e.g., stress, pain)
\Conceptual Definition - ANS-the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied
\Conceptual Model - ANS-abstractions assembled because they relate to a common theme; a
broad explanation of the system of interest
\Conceptual Model - ANS-interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together in a rational
scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme; sometimes called conceptual
framework
\Concurrent Validity - ANS-the degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with
some external criterion, measured at the same time
\Confidentiality - ANS-protection of participants in a study such that individual identities are not
linked to information provided and are never publicly divulged
\Confidentiality - ANS-protection of participants so that their individual identities will not be
publicly divulged
\Confirmability - ANS-a criterion for evaluating the quality of qualitative research, referring to the
objectivity or neutrality of the data or the analysis and interpretation
\Confirmability - ANS-if two or more people agree about the data's relevance or meaning; refers
to the objectivity or neutrality of the data
_________ emerge from the data - ANS-themes
\_______________ frequencies cannot be interpreted the same as survey statistical
frequencies - ANS-quasi-statistical
\A ______________ design does not include mechanisms to compensate for the absence of
either randomization or control group. - ANS-pre experimental
\A ______________ study begins with the occurrence of the dependent variable in the present
and then links this effect to some presumed caused which occurred in the past. -
ANS-retrospective
\A convenience sample from a strata of the population - ANS-Quota
\A high level of ___________ has the potential to alter the behavior of the study participants. -
ANS-obtrusiveness
\A hypothesis - ANS-requires at least two variables
\A null hypothesis - ANS-states that there is no expected relationship between the independent
and dependent variables
\A subset of the population - ANS-Sample
\A tabulation of the frequency of themes - ANS-quasi-statistical
\A type of sampling where every kth case is selected from a list - ANS-Systematic
\A way to make statistical tables more efficient and readable. - ANS-Standardization
\Abstract - ANS-a brief description (100-200 words) of the study placed at the beginning of the
article
\Abstract Journal Article - ANS-summarizes articles that have appeared in other journals
\Accessible Population - ANS-the population of people available for a particular study; often a
nonrandom subset of the target population
\An adjustment procedure used to estimate population values - ANS-Selection
\Analysis - ANS-Would parametric tests have been more appropriate?
Were the statistical tests appropriate given the level of measurement of the variables?
\Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) - ANS-a statistical procedure used to test mean differences
among groups o a dependent variable, while controlling for one or more extraneous variables
(covariates)
\Anonymity - ANS-protection of participants in a study such that even the researcher cannot link
individuals with the information provided
\Anonymity - ANS-protection of participants that even the researcher cannot link individuals with
information provided
\Another name for multistage sampling - ANS-Cluster
\Assent - ANS-the affirmative agreement of a vulnerable subject (e.g., a child) to participate in a
study
\Attrition - ANS-the loss of participants over the course of a study, which can create bias and
undermine internal validity by changing the composition of the sample, particularly if more
participants are lost from one group (e.g., experimental) than another (e.g., controls)
,\Audit Trail - ANS-the systematic documentation of material that allows an independent auditor
of a qualitative study to draw conclusions about the trustworthiness of the data
\Auditability - ANS-the extent to which an external reviewer or reader can follow a qualitative
researcher's steps and decisions and draw conclusions about the analysis and interpretation of
the data
\Axial Coding - ANS-the second level of coding in grounded theory study using the Strauss and
Corbin approach, involving the process of categorizing, recategorizing, and condensing all first
level codes by connecting a category and its subcategories
\Basic approaches to data collection can be categorized as: - ANS-self-reports, observational
techniques and biophysiologic measures
\Basic Social Process (BSP) - ANS-the central social process emerging through an analysis of
grounded theory data
\Being-in-the-world (or embodiment) - ANS-a concept that acknowledges people's physical ties
to their world; they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies' interaction with
the world
\Beneficence - ANS-a fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent harm and exploitation
of, and maximize benefits for, study participants
\Beneficence - ANS-seek to prevent harm and maximize benefits for participants
\Between-Subjects Design - ANS-a research design in which there are separate groups of
people being compared (e.g., smokers and non-smokers)
\Bias - ANS-any influence that produces a distortion in the results of a study
\Biophysiologic Measures - ANS-1) can provide quantitative information
2) not usually part of the data collection plan for qualitative studies
3) can be used to collect data from very young children
4) can be used in combination with other data collection methods
\Biophysiologic Measures - ANS-measures of biological function obtained through use of
technology, such as electrocardiogram
\Black Box Question - ANS-understanding what it is about the intervention that is driving
observed effects
\Borrowed Theory - ANS-a theory borrowed from another discipline to guide nursing practice or
research
\Bracketing - ANS-in phenomenological inquiries, the process of identifying and holding in
abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomena under study
\Bricolage - ANS-the tendency in qualitative research to assemble a complex array of data from
a variety of sources, using a variety of method
\Case Study - ANS-a research method involving a thorough, in-depth analysis of an individual,
group, institution, or other social unit
\Case-Control Design - ANS-a non-experimental research design involving the comparison of a
"case" (e.g., a person with the condition under scrutiny, such as lung cancer) and a matched
control (a similar person without the condition)
\Category System - ANS-in observational studies, the prespecified plan for organizing and
recording the behaviors and events under observation; in qualitative studies, the system used to
sort and organize narrative data
, \Cause-and-Effect (or causal) Relationship - ANS-a relationship between two variables such that
the presence or absence of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or absence, or
value, of the other (the "effect")
\Central (Core) Category - ANS-the main theme of the research in a Strauss and Corbin
grounded theory analysis
\Clinical Trial - ANS-a study designed to assess the safety and effectiveness of a new clinical
treatment, sometimes involving several phases, one of which (Phase III) is a randomized clinical
trial using an experimental design and, often, a large and heterogeneous sample of subjects
\Closed-Ended Question or Fixed-Alternative Question - ANS-a question that offers respondents
a set of mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive alternative response options, from which the
one most closely approximating the "right" answer must be chosen
\Cluster Sampling - ANS-a form of sampling in which large groupings ("clusters") are selected
first (e.g., nursing schools), with successive subsampling of smaller units (e.g., nursing
students)
\Code of Ethics - ANS-the fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution
to guide researchers' conduct in research with human (or animal) subjects
\Coding - ANS-the process of transforming raw data into standardized form for data processing
and analysis; in quantitative research, the process of attaching numbers to categories; in
qualitative research, the process of identifying recurring words, themes, or concepts within the
data
\Coercion - ANS-in a research context, the explicit or implicit use of threats (or excessive
rewards) to gain people's cooperation in a study
\Comparison Group - ANS-a group of subjects whose scores on a dependent variable are used
to evaluate the outcomes of the group of primary interest (e.g., nonsmokers as a comparison
group for smokers); term often used in lieu of control group when the study design is not a true
experiment
\Concept (in quantitative research) - ANS-an abstraction based on observation of, or inferences
from, behaviors or characteristic (e.g., stress, pain)
\Conceptual Definition - ANS-the abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied
\Conceptual Model - ANS-abstractions assembled because they relate to a common theme; a
broad explanation of the system of interest
\Conceptual Model - ANS-interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together in a rational
scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme; sometimes called conceptual
framework
\Concurrent Validity - ANS-the degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with
some external criterion, measured at the same time
\Confidentiality - ANS-protection of participants in a study such that individual identities are not
linked to information provided and are never publicly divulged
\Confidentiality - ANS-protection of participants so that their individual identities will not be
publicly divulged
\Confirmability - ANS-a criterion for evaluating the quality of qualitative research, referring to the
objectivity or neutrality of the data or the analysis and interpretation
\Confirmability - ANS-if two or more people agree about the data's relevance or meaning; refers
to the objectivity or neutrality of the data
