Britain: Health & the People
c1000-Present
,The factors essay question follows the structure: First half of Paper 2 :
Has [y] been the main factor in [x] A utility of once source question (8 marks)
A significance question (8 marks)
[y] will either be: War A similarity/ difference question (8 marks)
Religion/Superstition A factors essay (16 + 4 SPaG marks)
Chance
Government Four time periods:
Communication The Late Medieval period or High Middle Ages (c.1000 - c.1500)
Science and technology The Early Modern period (c.1500 - c.1800)
Role of Individuals The 19th century (1800 - 1899)
Not the stated factors: The 20th century up to today
Economy
Ideas (non-medical)
Utility:
Content + Provenance
[x] can be : Medicine/ medical treatment
Own Knowledge
Surgery
Positive + negative points (e.g adds and detracts from the utility)
Anatomy
Conclusion with judgement
Public health
Medical understanding
Medical organisation Significance:
Significance of [y] on [x] within the period [y] occurred,
Significance of [y] on [x] between the period [y] occurred and today
Significance of [y] on [x] today
Factors essay: Highlight the point at which the significance was greatest and explain
Stated factor + 2 others (Introduction + 3 Paragraphs + Conclusion) changing significance over time
In the judgement explain how far you agree, perhaps by comparing
with your other factors) Similarity/ difference:
Identify and explain the most important way(s) in which each factor Complexity (e.g. how it fits into a wider context)
mattered as a cause/consequence Judge whether to address causes, developments or consequences based
on the content
At least 2 PEE paragraphs
,Part one: Medicine stands still • Medieval medicine: approaches including natural, supernatural, ideas of Hippocratic and Galenic
methods and treatments; the medieval doctor; training, beliefs about cause of illness. • Medical progress: the contribution of
Christianity to medical progress and treatment; hospitals; the nature and importance of Islamic medicine and surgery; surgery in
medieval times, ideas and techniques. • Public health in the Middle Ages: towns and monasteries; the Black Death in Britain,
beliefs about its causes, treatment and prevention.
Part two: The beginnings of change • The impact of the Renaissance on Britain: challenge to medical authority in anatomy,
physiology and surgery; the work of Vesalius, Paré, William Harvey; opposition to change. • Dealing with disease: traditional and
new methods of treatments; quackery; methods of treating disease; plague; the growth of hospitals; changes to the training and
status of surgeons and physicians; the work of John Hunter. • Prevention of disease: inoculation; Edward Jenner, vaccination and
opposition to change.
Part three: A revolution in medicine • The development of Germ Theory and its impact on the treatment of disease in Britain: the
importance of Pasteur, Robert Koch and microbe hunting; Pasteur and vaccination; Paul Ehrlich and magic bullets; everyday
medical treatments and remedies. • A revolution in surgery: anaesthetics, including Simpson and chloroform; antiseptics, including
Lister and carbolic acid; surgical procedures; aseptic surgery. • Improvements in public health: public health problems in industrial
Britain; cholera epidemics; the role of public health reformers; local and national government involvement in public health
improvement, including the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts.
Part four: Modern medicine • Modern treatment of disease: the development of the pharmaceutical industry; penicillin, its
discovery by Fleming, its development; new diseases and treatments, antibiotic resistance; alternative treatments. • The impact of
war and technology on surgery: plastic surgery; blood transfusions; X-rays; transplant surgery; modern surgical methods,
including lasers, radiation therapy and keyhole surgery. • Modern public health: the importance of Booth, Rowntree, and the Boer
War; the Liberal social reforms; the impact of two world wars on public health, poverty and housing; the Beveridge Report and the
Welfare State; creation and development of the National Health Service; costs, choices and the issues of healthcare in the 21st
century
, The Church encouraged people to pray Organisation, Main
The rich were more likely to be able to afford High Middle Ages/Medieval Period for deliverance from illness, for
treatment by a doctor than the poor, and Some people began to notice the link between bad smells and forgiveness of their sins and to prepare for Developments,
medical practitioners were more likely to be disease. This led to the emergence of the miasma theory. Many the afterlife. Offerings could buy Public
found in a town than elsewhere. Towns were indulgences and going on a pilgrimage
also believed that illness and early deaths were inevitable. Mystery Health/Diseases
more deadly places to live in than villages, the
and magic and the supernatural were used by some to explain to a holy shrine might bring about a cure.
young were more at risk than adults unexpected happenings, e.g. any sudden diseases or misfortunes
Many small hospitals Towns were unhealthy because so many people lived
Famine and war were the main killers Religion played a huge part in most people’s lives. If someone was were Almshouses, so close together. There were few regulations about
during this period. A bad harvest due to living a sinful life, then a difficult illness was God’s way of which were homes for building or waste disposal. Cesspits were often built
drought or flood, too hot or too cold punishing them for their sins. If society as a whole was being sinful the old and those next to wells, which they contaminated, and they were
weather, meant malnourishment for many. an epidemic was a just punishment. There was also a belief in the unable to work. emptied infrequently as people had to pay
Childbirth was dangerous and 30% of doctrine of signatures, where God had created illness, but in his Monasteries knew of the dangers of dirt and filth and carefully extracted water
children died before the age of 7. kindness also the right herbs and plants with which to treat them. upstream of the privies, and used the waste water to flush away the waste.
Most people who had the money would go to a barber-surgeon, who would’ve
Hippocrates (460-370BC) believed in the importance of clinical observation, carefully served an apprenticeship to get qualified. Ordinary people would almost There were animals
examining and monitoring a patient’s symptoms. He invented the Hippocratic Oath that certainly depend on the apothecary, who would sell medicines as well as herbsroaming everywhere
doctors still take today. He also believed that the body needed to keep the Four Humours, and spices from their shops in town. People might also visit the local “wise creating tons of dung.
1000 phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile in balance to remain healthy. woman”, who had her wisdom and skills handed down by her family.
Blood-letting and leeching were 1500
Galen (AD130-c210) took Hippocrates’ ideas further. Muslim writers like Avicenna played a key role in saving John Arderne was famous for his
common treatments to restore the
He practised the dissection of animals in order to much of the lost Roman knowledge by translating the astonishing success rate. He worked as
balance of the Four Humours.
better understand the human body. He used the theory works of Ancient Greece and Rome into Arabic, which was an army-surgeon in the Hundred
Doctors had two indispensable tools for Years War, which helped him learn how
of the Four Humours, and emphasised the importance eventually passed on to Western Europe. Avicenna wrote
diagnosing sickness : urine and the to deal with major wounds. He also
of listening to a patient’s pulse. His ideas profoundly many texts like “the Book of Healing” and “the Canon of
zodiac chart. Urine was a vital tool developed his own pain-killing
influenced Western ideas of medicine for a very long Medicine”. The Canon of Medicine was one of the most
and physicians would look carefully at ointment, stopping the need for
time as he was supported by the Church. significant books in the history of medicine and was
its colour and compare it to a chart. cauterisation. He wrote his book “The
printed at least 60 times in Europe between 1516 and
They might even smell it or taste it. Practice of Surgery” in 1350. He urged
It is regarded as a central part of Christian duty to look 1574. It remained a major authority for medical students
Zodiac charts told the physician which doctors to trust their own judgements
after the poor and the sick, so the Church played a until well into the 1700s.
parts of the body were linked to which and experience and not rely on the
large part in developing hospitals and over 160 were Islamic hospitals (from their establishment in the AD900s)
astrological sign, and thus dictate old texts of Galen and Hippocrates.
set up in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Church alsowere sites of medical education as well as healing.Cleanliness
what the cure may be.
set up university schools of medicine throughout was encouraged and many students received practical
Europe, with old texts being hand-copied by monks. training in hospitals. War led to advances in surgery. There was
The Church also limited medical cauterisation, wine as an antiseptic, and opium
Galen’s work arrived in Europe via Islamic texts and beliefs. Greek progress as it made it very difficult as a painkiller. Army surgeons became very
translations were made in Salerno, in Italy and rapidly became accepted as for human bodies to be dissected.
adept at quickly carrying out amputations.
Treatments,
university medical texts. Church leaders decided that his work fitted with Their insistence on using Galen and There were new tools like the arrow cup, Surgery, Anatomy,
Christian ideas as he kept referring to a “the Creator”. Salerno was a common his works widely, limited both designed to slide into a deep wound, and help Understanding.
stopping-off point en route to the Holy Land, Galen’s ideas spread rapidly. progress and understanding. remove an arrow-head.
c1000-Present
,The factors essay question follows the structure: First half of Paper 2 :
Has [y] been the main factor in [x] A utility of once source question (8 marks)
A significance question (8 marks)
[y] will either be: War A similarity/ difference question (8 marks)
Religion/Superstition A factors essay (16 + 4 SPaG marks)
Chance
Government Four time periods:
Communication The Late Medieval period or High Middle Ages (c.1000 - c.1500)
Science and technology The Early Modern period (c.1500 - c.1800)
Role of Individuals The 19th century (1800 - 1899)
Not the stated factors: The 20th century up to today
Economy
Ideas (non-medical)
Utility:
Content + Provenance
[x] can be : Medicine/ medical treatment
Own Knowledge
Surgery
Positive + negative points (e.g adds and detracts from the utility)
Anatomy
Conclusion with judgement
Public health
Medical understanding
Medical organisation Significance:
Significance of [y] on [x] within the period [y] occurred,
Significance of [y] on [x] between the period [y] occurred and today
Significance of [y] on [x] today
Factors essay: Highlight the point at which the significance was greatest and explain
Stated factor + 2 others (Introduction + 3 Paragraphs + Conclusion) changing significance over time
In the judgement explain how far you agree, perhaps by comparing
with your other factors) Similarity/ difference:
Identify and explain the most important way(s) in which each factor Complexity (e.g. how it fits into a wider context)
mattered as a cause/consequence Judge whether to address causes, developments or consequences based
on the content
At least 2 PEE paragraphs
,Part one: Medicine stands still • Medieval medicine: approaches including natural, supernatural, ideas of Hippocratic and Galenic
methods and treatments; the medieval doctor; training, beliefs about cause of illness. • Medical progress: the contribution of
Christianity to medical progress and treatment; hospitals; the nature and importance of Islamic medicine and surgery; surgery in
medieval times, ideas and techniques. • Public health in the Middle Ages: towns and monasteries; the Black Death in Britain,
beliefs about its causes, treatment and prevention.
Part two: The beginnings of change • The impact of the Renaissance on Britain: challenge to medical authority in anatomy,
physiology and surgery; the work of Vesalius, Paré, William Harvey; opposition to change. • Dealing with disease: traditional and
new methods of treatments; quackery; methods of treating disease; plague; the growth of hospitals; changes to the training and
status of surgeons and physicians; the work of John Hunter. • Prevention of disease: inoculation; Edward Jenner, vaccination and
opposition to change.
Part three: A revolution in medicine • The development of Germ Theory and its impact on the treatment of disease in Britain: the
importance of Pasteur, Robert Koch and microbe hunting; Pasteur and vaccination; Paul Ehrlich and magic bullets; everyday
medical treatments and remedies. • A revolution in surgery: anaesthetics, including Simpson and chloroform; antiseptics, including
Lister and carbolic acid; surgical procedures; aseptic surgery. • Improvements in public health: public health problems in industrial
Britain; cholera epidemics; the role of public health reformers; local and national government involvement in public health
improvement, including the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts.
Part four: Modern medicine • Modern treatment of disease: the development of the pharmaceutical industry; penicillin, its
discovery by Fleming, its development; new diseases and treatments, antibiotic resistance; alternative treatments. • The impact of
war and technology on surgery: plastic surgery; blood transfusions; X-rays; transplant surgery; modern surgical methods,
including lasers, radiation therapy and keyhole surgery. • Modern public health: the importance of Booth, Rowntree, and the Boer
War; the Liberal social reforms; the impact of two world wars on public health, poverty and housing; the Beveridge Report and the
Welfare State; creation and development of the National Health Service; costs, choices and the issues of healthcare in the 21st
century
, The Church encouraged people to pray Organisation, Main
The rich were more likely to be able to afford High Middle Ages/Medieval Period for deliverance from illness, for
treatment by a doctor than the poor, and Some people began to notice the link between bad smells and forgiveness of their sins and to prepare for Developments,
medical practitioners were more likely to be disease. This led to the emergence of the miasma theory. Many the afterlife. Offerings could buy Public
found in a town than elsewhere. Towns were indulgences and going on a pilgrimage
also believed that illness and early deaths were inevitable. Mystery Health/Diseases
more deadly places to live in than villages, the
and magic and the supernatural were used by some to explain to a holy shrine might bring about a cure.
young were more at risk than adults unexpected happenings, e.g. any sudden diseases or misfortunes
Many small hospitals Towns were unhealthy because so many people lived
Famine and war were the main killers Religion played a huge part in most people’s lives. If someone was were Almshouses, so close together. There were few regulations about
during this period. A bad harvest due to living a sinful life, then a difficult illness was God’s way of which were homes for building or waste disposal. Cesspits were often built
drought or flood, too hot or too cold punishing them for their sins. If society as a whole was being sinful the old and those next to wells, which they contaminated, and they were
weather, meant malnourishment for many. an epidemic was a just punishment. There was also a belief in the unable to work. emptied infrequently as people had to pay
Childbirth was dangerous and 30% of doctrine of signatures, where God had created illness, but in his Monasteries knew of the dangers of dirt and filth and carefully extracted water
children died before the age of 7. kindness also the right herbs and plants with which to treat them. upstream of the privies, and used the waste water to flush away the waste.
Most people who had the money would go to a barber-surgeon, who would’ve
Hippocrates (460-370BC) believed in the importance of clinical observation, carefully served an apprenticeship to get qualified. Ordinary people would almost There were animals
examining and monitoring a patient’s symptoms. He invented the Hippocratic Oath that certainly depend on the apothecary, who would sell medicines as well as herbsroaming everywhere
doctors still take today. He also believed that the body needed to keep the Four Humours, and spices from their shops in town. People might also visit the local “wise creating tons of dung.
1000 phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile in balance to remain healthy. woman”, who had her wisdom and skills handed down by her family.
Blood-letting and leeching were 1500
Galen (AD130-c210) took Hippocrates’ ideas further. Muslim writers like Avicenna played a key role in saving John Arderne was famous for his
common treatments to restore the
He practised the dissection of animals in order to much of the lost Roman knowledge by translating the astonishing success rate. He worked as
balance of the Four Humours.
better understand the human body. He used the theory works of Ancient Greece and Rome into Arabic, which was an army-surgeon in the Hundred
Doctors had two indispensable tools for Years War, which helped him learn how
of the Four Humours, and emphasised the importance eventually passed on to Western Europe. Avicenna wrote
diagnosing sickness : urine and the to deal with major wounds. He also
of listening to a patient’s pulse. His ideas profoundly many texts like “the Book of Healing” and “the Canon of
zodiac chart. Urine was a vital tool developed his own pain-killing
influenced Western ideas of medicine for a very long Medicine”. The Canon of Medicine was one of the most
and physicians would look carefully at ointment, stopping the need for
time as he was supported by the Church. significant books in the history of medicine and was
its colour and compare it to a chart. cauterisation. He wrote his book “The
printed at least 60 times in Europe between 1516 and
They might even smell it or taste it. Practice of Surgery” in 1350. He urged
It is regarded as a central part of Christian duty to look 1574. It remained a major authority for medical students
Zodiac charts told the physician which doctors to trust their own judgements
after the poor and the sick, so the Church played a until well into the 1700s.
parts of the body were linked to which and experience and not rely on the
large part in developing hospitals and over 160 were Islamic hospitals (from their establishment in the AD900s)
astrological sign, and thus dictate old texts of Galen and Hippocrates.
set up in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Church alsowere sites of medical education as well as healing.Cleanliness
what the cure may be.
set up university schools of medicine throughout was encouraged and many students received practical
Europe, with old texts being hand-copied by monks. training in hospitals. War led to advances in surgery. There was
The Church also limited medical cauterisation, wine as an antiseptic, and opium
Galen’s work arrived in Europe via Islamic texts and beliefs. Greek progress as it made it very difficult as a painkiller. Army surgeons became very
translations were made in Salerno, in Italy and rapidly became accepted as for human bodies to be dissected.
adept at quickly carrying out amputations.
Treatments,
university medical texts. Church leaders decided that his work fitted with Their insistence on using Galen and There were new tools like the arrow cup, Surgery, Anatomy,
Christian ideas as he kept referring to a “the Creator”. Salerno was a common his works widely, limited both designed to slide into a deep wound, and help Understanding.
stopping-off point en route to the Holy Land, Galen’s ideas spread rapidly. progress and understanding. remove an arrow-head.
