Artificial Intelligence
1. Artificial intelligence: The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
2. Rational Agent: Within artificial intelligence, a __________ is one that maximizes its expected utility, given its current
knowledge.
3. Turing Test: This was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
4. Natural Language Processing: A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between
computers and human languages.
5. Intelligent Agent: An autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and
directs its activity towards achieving goals.
6. Knowledge Representation (KR): Translation of information into symbols to facilitate inferencing from those information
elements, and the creation of new elements of information.
7. Automated Reasoning: An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of
thinking.
8. Machine Learning: A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to
evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases.
9. Computer Vision: A field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and, in
general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information.
10. Robotics: The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture
and application of autonomous machines and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing
11. Cognitive Science: The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.
12. Syllogisms: Provides patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises—
for example, "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.",
13. Logic: The philosophical study of valid reasoning and examines general forms that arguments may take, which forms are valid,
and which are fallacies.
14. Logicism: One of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an
extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.
15 Agent: These are expected to: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged time period, adapt to
change, and create and pursue goals.
16. Rational Agent: An agent that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
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, Artificial Intelligence
.
17. Bounded Rationality: The idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is only based on the information they have,
the cognitive quality of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
18. Rationalism: Descartes was a strong advocate of the power of reasoning in understanding the world, a philosophy now called
_________, and one that counts Aristotle and Leibnitz as members.
19. Dualism: In addition to rationalism, Descartes was also a proponent of __________. He held that there is a part of the human
mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws.
20. Materialism: An alternative to dualism, which holds that the brain's operation according to the laws of physics constitutes the
mind.
21. Empiricism: Characterized by a dictum of John Locke: "Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses."
22. Induction: The Principle of ________ says: that general rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their
elements.
23. Logical Positivism: A philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for
knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of
epistemology.
24. Observation Sentences: This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected, ultimately,
to ___________ that correspond to sensory inputs.
25. Confirmation Theory: Attempted to analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience.
26. Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for calculations.
27. Incompleteness Theorem: Gödel's idea on the inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems capable of
doing arithmetic.
28. Computability: The ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. Closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the
problem..
29. Intractability: Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given infinite time), but which in practice take too long for their
solutions to be useful.
30. NP-Complete (NP-C): In computational complexity theory, a class of decision problems where any given solution to the
decision problem can be _verified_ in polynomial time. But, there is no known efficient way to _locate_ the solutions.
31 Probability: Besides logic and computation, the third great contribution of mathematics to AI is the theory of _________. The Italian
Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576) first framed the idea, describing it in terms of the possible outcomes of gambling events.
32. Utility: The mathematical treatment of "preferred outcomes" which was first formalized by Walras and was improved by Ramsey
and later by von Neumann in his book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944).
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1. Artificial intelligence: The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
2. Rational Agent: Within artificial intelligence, a __________ is one that maximizes its expected utility, given its current
knowledge.
3. Turing Test: This was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
4. Natural Language Processing: A field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between
computers and human languages.
5. Intelligent Agent: An autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and
directs its activity towards achieving goals.
6. Knowledge Representation (KR): Translation of information into symbols to facilitate inferencing from those information
elements, and the creation of new elements of information.
7. Automated Reasoning: An area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understand different aspects of
thinking.
8. Machine Learning: A scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to
evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases.
9. Computer Vision: A field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and, in
general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information.
10. Robotics: The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture
and application of autonomous machines and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing
11. Cognitive Science: The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.
12. Syllogisms: Provides patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises—
for example, "Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.",
13. Logic: The philosophical study of valid reasoning and examines general forms that arguments may take, which forms are valid,
and which are fallacies.
14. Logicism: One of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an
extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.
15 Agent: These are expected to: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged time period, adapt to
change, and create and pursue goals.
16. Rational Agent: An agent that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
1/7
, Artificial Intelligence
.
17. Bounded Rationality: The idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is only based on the information they have,
the cognitive quality of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
18. Rationalism: Descartes was a strong advocate of the power of reasoning in understanding the world, a philosophy now called
_________, and one that counts Aristotle and Leibnitz as members.
19. Dualism: In addition to rationalism, Descartes was also a proponent of __________. He held that there is a part of the human
mind (or soul or spirit) that is outside of nature, exempt from physical laws.
20. Materialism: An alternative to dualism, which holds that the brain's operation according to the laws of physics constitutes the
mind.
21. Empiricism: Characterized by a dictum of John Locke: "Nothing is in the understanding, which was not first in the senses."
22. Induction: The Principle of ________ says: that general rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their
elements.
23. Logical Positivism: A philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for
knowledge—with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of
epistemology.
24. Observation Sentences: This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected, ultimately,
to ___________ that correspond to sensory inputs.
25. Confirmation Theory: Attempted to analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience.
26. Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for calculations.
27. Incompleteness Theorem: Gödel's idea on the inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems capable of
doing arithmetic.
28. Computability: The ability to solve a problem in an effective manner. Closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the
problem..
29. Intractability: Problems that can be solved in theory (e.g., given infinite time), but which in practice take too long for their
solutions to be useful.
30. NP-Complete (NP-C): In computational complexity theory, a class of decision problems where any given solution to the
decision problem can be _verified_ in polynomial time. But, there is no known efficient way to _locate_ the solutions.
31 Probability: Besides logic and computation, the third great contribution of mathematics to AI is the theory of _________. The Italian
Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576) first framed the idea, describing it in terms of the possible outcomes of gambling events.
32. Utility: The mathematical treatment of "preferred outcomes" which was first formalized by Walras and was improved by Ramsey
and later by von Neumann in his book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944).
2/7
