A Level Edexcel German History: FRG satisfied Exam with multiple Questions well verified

KEY - ANSWERS? - Theme 1 (Political and Governmental Change) ?? - Theme 2 (Opposition, Control and Consent) ??? - Theme 3 (Eco. development and policies) ???? - Theme 4 (Aspects of life) What was the Potsdam conference? - ANSWERS- June 1945 - Following policies agreed: ◘ De-Nazification: former Nazi leaders brought to justice in trials ◘ Demilitarisation: military reductions to ensure Germany wouldn't wage aggressive wars again ◘ Deindustrialisation: large industrial concerns dismantled, weaken Germany and to help pay reparations ◘ Democratisation What was the Yalta conference? - ANSWERS- February 1945 - Decided that Germany would be divided into 4 military zones between the USA, USSR, France and Britain (Berlin though in the Soviet zone would also be split into 4, though there was no formal agreement to how it would be accessed) - Occupation zones administered by each of the Allies - An Allied Control Council (ACC) representing all 4 powers would oversee all 4 zones What was Bizonia? - ANSWERS- Summer 1946, USA and Britain merge zones economically due to: ◘ costs of rebuilding&reparations were destroying German economy ◘ As food imports from West dried up, semi- starvation occurred ◘ Realisation that a poverty-stricken, starving Germany wouldn't allow recovery What was Trizonia? - ANSWERS- French joined Bizonia in April 1949 - Created possibility of 2 distinct Germanies: one capitalist and one communist What tensions were there in the Allied Control Council? - ANSWERS- US zone suspended reparations payment to USSR in May 1946 in retaliation to Russia's refusal to deliver food and coal distribution across 4 zones - External tensions e.g. Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in Feb 1948 - March 1948, Russian rep walks out of ACC due to new currency plans, Deutschmark, in 3 western zones, he argued that if Western powers had no interest in making decisions for whole of Germany then ACC was pointless - USA cancels plans to reduce its military force and its forces remain in Germany What was Marshall Aid? - ANSWERS- June 1947, introduced to provide finance Europe needed to aid recovery - USSR and its satellite countries did not attent July conference in which it was discussed What currency reforms were there and what effect did they have??? - ANSWERS- Reichmark replaced with Deutschmark 20th June 1948 - Private citizens could exchange RM60 to DM40, wages were converted at DM1 to RM1 though savings were converted at RM1000 to DM6.5, debts to value of RM400 billion wiped out - Authorities gave large deposits to banks to loan to businesses, industrial output increased 50% - Erhard announces abolition of price controls and relaxation of rationing, prod. had more incentive to produce and farmers to send food to markets - Tax reforms also took place with rate for DM 24000 falling to 18% in 1950 compared to the 85% it was at 1948 - Led to stimulation of economy, with more money to spend, demand increases stimulating supply - Abseentism reduced from 9.5 hrs to 2hrs per week, meaning more productivity - 1950: industrial prod grew 25%, unemployment fell from 10.3% to 1.2 by 1960 - 1949 to 55 salaries increased 80% What was the social market economy??? - ANSWERS- Free market, end to monopolies/cartels (few large companies control market), fairer tax system - Middle way between completely free unregulated market and state-controlled - businesses allowed to develop independently while state ensured fair competition and intervened to protect the vulnerable What was the Berlin blockade? - ANSWERS- In response to Deutschmark's success, with the Soviet regions poverty, Stalin orders blockade of West Berlin - Electricity supplies cut off to the West and June 1948, land and canal roots blocked to west Berlin, with intent that west Berlin authorities would face either starvation or join Soviet army - Western powers organise airlift, by September 4641 tons of supplies flying in ever day - April 1949, managing 8000 tons - May Stalin restores electricity supplies and allows conveys to used land and canal routes again, blockade had failed What political parties were present in the western zones? - ANSWERS- CDU/CSU led by Adenauer, centre-right party, had former members of ZP, nationalists and democrats, but had genuine feel for social welfare - SPD led by Schumacher maintained its socialist agenda, mixed with elements of nationalists - Liberal parties such as Free Democratic Party What were the War Tribunals?? - ANSWERS- Used to try former Nazis, generally halted by March 1948 due to sheer number and complexity of cases - Nuremburg trials consisted of 4 judges, from each Allied Power, trials started 20th November 1945 till October 1946 - 12 received death sentences,7 prison terms from 10 years to life, 177 (out of possible pool of 5000) former military and civillian officials tried - Further trials of indivds. connected to regime took place e.g. industrialist Krump - In total 5000 were prosecuted, 486 executed - Americans held 489 lower-level official trials 1416/1672 defendants found guilty - French prosecuted 2000 former Nazis - Still most directly involved in war crimes escaped punishment e.g. Auschwitz doctor Josef Mengele went into hiding/fled ermany - In British zone 15 out of 45 acquitted due to plea of 'obeying orders' What problems of de-Nazification were there?? - ANSWERS- April 1945 Heyman from British zone declares that all citizens need to be investigated - Americans sifted through 1.6 mill Fragebogen (questionnaires about activities during Nazi Rule leading to be categorised into one of 5, ranging from Major Offender to Exonerated who got Persil certificate) resulting in 374,000 former Nazis losing current posts, issue because: ◘ Cologne: serious problem with water supply with 18/21 specialists under investigation for Nazi past, indispensable skills meant they soon returned to work ◘ Bonn: 102/112 doctors were former Nazis, past had to be ignored due to their medical skills - Issue was mainly with those forced into joining Nazi associations to keep their jobs - US listed 3.5 mill as answerable to charges, March 1946 local tribunals set up to undertake cases, however 90% of legal professionals had been Nazi members leading to final year legal students having to take over some cases in brtish zone - Largely abandoned by 1950, 1949 FRG ended all investigations into civil servants - 1951 Reinstatement Act allowed former Nazis to rejoin civil servants and judiciary - Abandonment resulted in wide spread criticism esp with Adenaur's foreign ministry containing 39 foreign former nazi Party members - Vast majority quick1ly developed and maintained support for new democratic system When was the FRG created? - ANSWERS- May 1949, though the principle of German reunification was at its core - Refused to acknowledge the existence of the GDR which was created October 1949 - It was not a fully independent state, ACC under Occupation Statute in Sep 1949 had power to veto legislation, state also had no control over its foreign policy - ACC reserved right to take over govt. if democracy was at risk through extremist parties To what extent was the regime supported?? - ANSWERS- Turnout for elections was high ranging from 78.9% in 1949 to 91.1 in 1972 - Lack of support for extremist parties KPD came back as Communist Party of Germany (DKP which did poorly in elections with a membership never more than 50,000 - Stable enough for new political developments such as arrival of Green Party in Bundestag in 1983 What was the Basic Law? - ANSWERS- FRG's constituion, designed to ensure that democracy remained stable and political extremism did not reappear - Emphasised the importance and inviolability of human rights and asserted its protection as primary duty of govt - Bundestag was the federal parliament elected by universal suffrage, half seats were directly elected, other half used proportional representation - Parties receiving less than 5% of votes could not take seats (prevent extremism) - Federal republic with power divided between central and regional government, the Lander (states) represented in the upper house Bundesrat - Based on rule of law, fed. constitutional court to uphold the law and ensure govt. legal action - Chancellor and government could not be removed by a vote of no confidence unless an alt. party was ready to take power with a sufficient majority - President only elected for one term and only fulfilled a ceremonial law What was the welfare system like?? - ANSWERS- Family welfare measures introduced e.g. child benefits 1954 - Unemployment benefit - Accident and sickness insurance - Effective pension system - Subsidies for house building, 1949-61, 6 mill flats built half classed as 'council' What happened in the first federal elections? - ANSWERS- August 1949 - CDU/CSU emerge with narrow victory gaining 139 seats vs SPD's 131 - Adenauer became first chancellor and Heuss of the FDP became president - Govt faced several challenges such as recovering from war destruction, dealing with GDR refugees, establishing stable democracy and future of Germany What was the impact of Adenauer's first 3 terms? - ANSWERS- 1949-61 - Widespread party apparatus established alongside director Globke which maintained voter support throughout FRG, developed local branches, simple slogans used which appealed to conservative voters - Developed policies that appealed to rural and urban voters, attracting a middle ground that appealed to moderates who favoured stability over experiments - Attracted support because of strong anti-communist sentiment during 1950s What were Adenauer's domestic policies? - ANSWERS- Rebuilding of infrastructure, towns and cities: April 1950 Construction Law provided grants to Lander to encourage large-scale building projects, by 1957 4 million new homes built for Germans, and GDR refugees -1952 Equalisation of Burdens Act, compensation to victims of wartime bombing financed by 5% tax on every citizen with net worth of more than DM 5000, 1983 DM 126 billion had been raised - 1957 Pensions Act saw 60-75% in pension payments - Unions had legal rights to negotiate on behalf of members and to take industrial action if necessary, encouraged co-determinism policy in which workers were able to participate in decision making processes within workplace What were industrial relations like?? - ANSWERS- FRG embraced modern system with inclusion of trade unions and good working conditions - 1949 single umbrella organisation formed for trade unions (German Federation of Trade Unions) allowing govt negotiation, social contract agreements, limited pay rises and effective representation - Co-determination Law passed in 1951 allowing workers to have reps on managerial boards - Managed eco with low inflation and unemployment How did Adenauer improve foreign policy? - ANSWERS- 1951 ACC gives FRG control over its foreign policy, Adenauer takes up foreign minister position - 1949 achieved entry into Council of Europe and direct representation on OEEC raising FRG's international status - Focus shifted more to participating fully with western alliance rather than German reunification, despite some initial protest from SPD, prosperity and stability lead to acceptance of this - 1950 seeks to rearm FRG, 1954 gains agreement of Western Powers tho with limited size and renouncement of nuclear weapons - Joins NATO in May 1955 and allowed to rearm - Consolidated international position, didn't want to be dependent on USA, supported French president in opposition vs Britain entering EEC in 1963 due to its economic and political closeness to USA - Hallstein Doctrine of 1955, FRG cuts off all diplomatic relations with any country which recognised the GDR except the USSR How was prosperity maintained??? - ANSWERS- Work creation schemes to tackle unemployment - Investment Aid Law of 1952 gave govt DM3.2 bill subsidy to facilitate investment in industry - 1951 Anti-Trust Law prevented and dismantled cartels - Deutsche Bundesbank created with autho. over monetary policy ensuring strong currency maintained - Growing world economy saw growing demand for FRG exports - Not hampered by excessive spending on rearmament during cold war period - Good sea ports, with abundance of raw materials (coal) and educated, skilled workforce - Korean war 1950-53 resulted in rise in German export demand such as industrial goods and motor vehicles - Foreign policy encouraged collaboration with Europ. instit. - Marshall Plan provided $1.5 bill 1948-52 - Trade deficit of DM 3 bill had turned into profit by 1952 How did the FRG deal with refugees from the GDR? - ANSWERS- Readily accepted them who could legally cross, many of whom were young skilled citizens - 331,390 in 1953 after rebellion vs GDR govt. was brutally suppressed then 261, 620 in 1957 and 155,400 in first 8 months of 1961 before Berlin Wall was built What evidence of economic growth between 1955-66 is there??? - ANSWERS- Competitive price and quality for goods led to demand of their cars BMW, Porsche and Volkswagen - 1960s full employment had been reached including 2 mill East Germans What was Operation Rose? - ANSWERS- August 1961 - Codename given to the building of the Berlin wall, barrier was built initially just abrbed wire - Those living in the east but visiting the west were escorted back across border, those visiting the east could choose to remain - Next day Berliners found travel was no longer possible, border was closed - Became concrete blocks and watchtowers, ran for 97 miles around and 27 miles through centre of Berline How did the FRG react to the Berlin Wall? - ANSWERS- Adenauer initially stayed silent while campaigning for the 1961 elections - 300,000 Germans protested in West Berlin and mayor of Berlin, Brandt, condemned it - USA sent 1,500 additional troops as sign of solidarity - Argued that wall actually eased cold war tensions: ◘ USA and USSR recognised Germany was 2 separate countries ◘ Flow of emigrants from GDR stopped ◘ Though it invoked anger in FRG, it stablised the situation - By 1961, FRG emerged as stable and prosperous state at heart of Europe, evidenced by increasing support for democratic parties and no real protests when extremist parties KPD and SRP were banned in 1952 and 56 What happened in 1956 in reference to the government? - ANSWERS- FDP broke away from Adenauer's coalition govt and supports SPD due to harsh policies vs GDR such as Hallstein Doctrine - Left CDU/CSU in sole charge but dependent on greater share of vote to remain in office What were Adenauer's political mistakes? - ANSWERS- Failure to visit Berlin immediately in 1961 when Berlin Wall was constructed → CDU/CSU vote fell to 46% in same year, 4% drop since 1957 - Manages to establish another FDP coalition but position was weakened - Tried to put himself forward for presidential position in 1959 going against constitution, gave appearance of political arrogance What was the Der Spiegel Affair? - ANSWERS- 1962, editors of Der Spiegel magazine arrested after articles criticising the army's ability to defend the country under the orders of defence minister Strauss - Resulted in widespread protest due to fear of authoritarianism, five FDP ministers resign from Cabinet - Adenauer able to convince FDP to return under condition that Strauss resigns, who retired by Oct 1963 How was the SPD a challenge to Adenauer? - ANSWERS- Starts modernising policies in late 1950s - Though it remained anti-communist, it supported more government intervention in economy, neutral foreign policy, concentration on German reunification and opposed membership of EEC and NATO - Continuing low percentage of votes in comparison to CSU/CDU causes changes in policies in bad Godesberg Party Congress in 1959: ◘ Emerged with new commitment to defence & European eco. integration, supporting NATO membership ◘ Amended constitution, no longer demanding capitalism overthrow - By early 1960s seemed to provide real alt. to CDU/CSU coalition Who was Ludwig Erhard? - ANSWERS- Oct 1963 replaced Adenauer as chancellor - Continued to support development of eco and social policies that were widely approved during Adenauer's reign - 1965 elections forms new coalition with FDP - Eco was improving with prod. figures up by 8% and wages by 8.5% by 1964 - Launched new socio and eco prog. encouraging growth of co-operation in social market economy → hindered by eco recession in 1965 caused by excessive public spending leads to inflation, reduction in spending plans and raising interest rates - CDU/CSU hit by internal disputes, FDP wants further govt. spending cuts while Erhad supports raising taxes - FDP resign and Erhad forced to resign Nov 1966 What was the Grand Coalition? - ANSWERS- New chancellor and leader of CDU/CSU Kiesinger enters Grand Coalition with SPD and Brandt becomes deputy and foreign minister due to economic challenges - Kiesinger was criticised as he was former member of the Nazis, '68 amends consituion to establish elected committee that would enact emergency measures in serious threat after student protests across FRG policy seen as authoritarian, faced threats from National Democratic Party who had gained 48 seats in 6 Lander parliaments in '67 - Coalition continued till 1969 when Kiesinger lost SPD support and was replaced by Brandt What happened 1965-69 in reference to the economy??? - ANSWERS- Recession with wages beginning to grow quicker than productivity starting 1958, threatening price stability and risked inflation - Erhard criticised for spending too much on modernising railway, US military hardware and agricultural subsidies - Forced to cut his spending plans by 10% - To pay for more public spending and greater wage demands, FRG would need to raise productivity and exports - 1966 Erhard fails to convince US govt to reduce FRG's financial contributions to American forces in FRG - FDP withdraws from coalition as they wanted further spending cuts while CDU/CSU advocated raising of tax - Erhard resigns Nov 1966 What measures were taken to improve the economic situation??? - ANSWERS- Stabilisation law passed June 1967 formalising co-operation process between fed govt, employers and employees and increasing govt activity in eco by altering taxes and raising loans - Article 109 amended to allow increased govt control of tax and spending policies - Concerted Action encouraged cooperation between workers, employees and state through eco planning - Public spending reduced and VAT increased to 12% - By 1968 unemployment was falling industrial growth was 6% higher p/year and inflation fell to 1.5% Who was William Brandt? - ANSWERS- Led the first SPD government in FRG from 1969-74 - Offered reformist agenda, promoting greater public participation, social reforms and democracy - worsening economic conditions and resurgence of political extremism lead to many disappointed with his govt. - Revalued DM by 9.3% rising to 3.66 to $1, Jan 1973 when dollar devalued by 10%, DM grew even more in value What social reforms did Brandt implement??? - ANSWERS- Increased spending on social welfare from 25% to 33% - Education Support Law = grants for poor students to go uni - Increased pensions - Grants to help parents of sick children - Housing budget increased by 36% - Increased govt spending led to increase in inflation - Schiller resigns over cutback issues, June 1972 Schmidt takes role of Minister of Finance and Eco - Brandt and SPD do well in Nov 1972 elections until forced to resign in 1974 What was Ostpolitik? - ANSWERS- Focus on reducing tensions to allow closer relations with GDR, recognised 2 Germanies but co-operation - '69 draft treaty prepared including recognition of both countries and GDR entering UN as sovereign nation - '70 Brandt visits Erfurt in GDR, widely welcomed - Stoph, GDR minister-president visited Cassel in FRG, insisted during meeting that FRG must recognised GDR before agreement and demanded DM100 million in compensation for emigrants leaving, FRG do not agree - Basic Treaty of June 1973, two Germanies recognise each other's right to exist, FRG relinquishes claim as sole representation of german nation but offers FRG citizenship to any GDR emigrants, treaty spoke of normalision relations through developing commercial, tourist, cultural and communication links - May 1974, exchange diplomats, formally recognising each other Why did Brandt resign? - ANSWERS- Guillaume, his close adviser, was arrested for spying for the GDR in 1974 due to passing significant documents to GDR - Brandt resigns and replaced by Schmidt in May 1974 - He took personal responsibility for his 'negligence', allowed political system and SPD govt. would stay intact - Seamless transition following such a scandal was testament to the stability of political system of the FRG What impact did the 1973 oil crisis have??? - ANSWERS- Had to pay DM17 billion more for imports and balance of payments were from surplus of $692 million to deficit in a year - Unemployment rose from 1.2% to 4.7% by 1975 - Resulted in rising public expenditure, falling tax revenues, rising rates of tax - Govt introduced car free Sundays to save fuel and ban on recruitment of migrant workers - Switch to nuclear energy - first steps in process of creating European monetary system - Govt supp for private sector investment in DM7-8 bill grants and public work contracts at Dm1.1. bill to create more jobs Who was Helmut Schmidt? - ANSWERS- Chancellor between 1974-82 - Formed coalition with FDP, continued support for Ostpolitik and was able to deal with series of terrorist threats - Suffered divisions due to: ◘ policies aimed at reducing inflation ◘ whether to allow nuclear weapons to be based in FRG territory ◘ growing support for green issues ◘ growing tensions with the FDP - Sept 1982, unable to agree on cost-cutting budget, leads to FDP members crossing over to CDU/CSU, 1 Oct vote of no confidence approved, Schmidt resigns, Kohl takes over Who was Helmut Kohl? - ANSWERS- Leader of CDU, chancellor 1982-90 - Introduced new eco policies and returned to supporting the social market economy - Announces support for Ostpolitik continuation and development - Calls for new elections March 1983 to form new coalition govt - Faced rising unemployment and social deprivation, reduced govt. spending and introduced tax cuts, annual budget increases kept to a max of 3% p/year - Still able to maintain high spending levels on welfare and kept subsidies for farming and coal mining - 1985, oil prices decrease, FRG exports rise, more wealth and economy begins to improve What was the economy like in the 1980s??? - ANSWERS- Growth rates averaged at 3.6% while unemployment fell to 7.6% by 1989 - Falling oil prices lead to increase of exports and 1% fall in inflation - Kohl reduces public spending and implements tax cuts, budget increases kept to max of 3% with subsidies for farming and steel industry - Efforts of privatisation met with opposition from unions and civil service as major industrial concerns were already in private hand while public assets such as Lufthansa, tellecommunications etc were govt controlled - Exports grow with DM 134 billion surplus in 1985 - Able to recover economically What was the Flick affair? - ANSWERS- FDR fianance minister resigns 1984 due to exempting Flick Corporation from tax payments on DM1.8 billion sale who had in return given FDP financial donation of DM500,000 - Resulted in suspended prison sentences and fines - Revealed that all major parties and accepted money as 'charitable donations' in return for exempt from tax - Try to pass law to protect perpetrators but fail - Still little changes Why was the CDU/CSU widely supported?? - ANSWERS- Spoke to conservative Roman caths - Had monopoly of middle ground as it also emphasised conservatism and strong moral values whilst being committed to social welfare and govt intervention in eco to prevent abused - Emphasis on western alliance, EEC membership, improvement of living standards and socialist style economy - FRG was prosperous and CDU/CSU grew from 31% 1949 to 50.2% 1957 What was the Barschel-Engholm affair? - ANSWERS- Sept 1989, media alleges that President Barschel launched plot have SPD rival Engholm charged with tax evasion - Further alleged that Barschel was to bug his office and have detective on him, though he denied it, Barschel was forced to resign, 10 days later found dead - Engholm forced to resign in 1993 How did the CDU/CSU decline? - ANSWERS- Result of scandals and continuing eco problems, leads to unsteady grouns in 1987 - Despite establishing another FDP coalition, CDU/CSU share of vote began to decline - Collapse of GDR in 89 and reunification in 90, reversed this - Despite the difficulties of the 1980s, the system stayed intact, Kohl survived and became the first chancellor of the reunited Germany, testimony to the resilience of the FDR Why were the student protests in the 1960s? - ANSWERS- Young people apparently bored with FRG stability while media was filled with suffering elsewhere - Against increasing influence of USA and perceived govt. support for war in Vietnam - increasing military spending and NATO participation, fear of nuclear deployment - overcrowding and lack of student representation in institutions of higher education - Govt. failure to remove former Nazis from positions of responsibility - opposition to growing materialism, political dominance of wealthy middle class men and growing authoritarianism of federal governments - Universities were overcrowded and underfunded, with lacking representation in governing bodies What was the Free University of West Berlin?? - ANSWERS- Unique uni that had student rep in governance, considered radical as other unis were hierarchical - Attracted radical students due to its rep and West Berlin being the only part of FRG that didn't have military conscription - May 1965 students go on strike due to banning of journalist Kuby from speaking against Vietnam War, though ban was just a catalyst, underlying causes of overcrowding and staff shortages - genuine concern about US war in Vietnam, Feb 1966 anti-war protest of 2500 Free Uni students led to confrontation with riot police - 1968, 12000 students protest vs US involvement in Vietnam - June 1966, students organise demonstrations calling for more say in uni affairs and end to banning of radical speakers - Protest spread to other unis after the great involvement of Socialist German Students' Union (SDS) - Govt respond increased research funding, DM260,000 in June 1966 twice the figure of 1955 What was the communal lifestyle?? - ANSWERS- January 1967, Kommune 1 established in West Berlin - Members of commune lived together with belief of communal ownership - Official harassment of communes led to more protest in form of street theatre - Police raids in April 1967 found bombs full of blancmange (dessert) rather than actual explosives, no threat of violence What was APO?? - ANSWERS- Opposition Outside of Parliament - Loose grouping of LW students and trade unions who advocated radical protest - Focused on strikes, marches and demonstrations - Eventually faded, especially as students graduated and conformed accepting conventional lifestyle - Some became even more radical joining groups of violence and terror What was the SDS? - ANSWERS- Socialist Students' Union founded 1946 as student wing of SPD - After SPD policies become more conservative in 1959, SDS became more radical - 1965 Rudi Dutsch, radical former GDR communist, becomes leader - Campaigns vs Vietnam war, nuclear weapons on FRG soil and former Nazis holding positions of power - 1966 become vocal opp. vs Grand coalition, adopt sit in and mass demonstrations tactics What impact did violent reactions from officials have?? - ANSWERS- 2 June 1967, protests vs visit of Shah of Iran (dictator) take place where student demonstrator Ohnesorg is killed by Officer Kuraas - Caused widespread, sometimes violent protest, organised and led by uni students esp after officer acquittal in November - Dutschke shot by neo-Nazi gunman April 1968 ignites wave of student protests with many blaming Axel Springer newspaper for encouraging attempt - Shooting led to 5 day viol protest with radical protestors attacking Springer buildings and personnel - After 1968 however, student protests fade, despite authoritarian responses from govt, FRG society barely changed Did student protestors have support? - ANSWERS- June 1968 Der Spiegel magazine found that 92% of Berliners opposed student violence - Free University protest vs Vietnam in Feb 1968 met by construction worker marches with 'Berlin Supports America' signs - Der Spiegel found 78% of WC Berliners under age of 30 also opposed student protestors What domestic terrorism took place?? - ANSWERS- Successive waves from radical LW group Red Army Faction (RAF) of terrorist activity - Membership was mainly young, MC educated West Germans disillusioned by FRG's political system - Activism was initially sabotage and arson with leader Baader arrested after fire bombing store in Frankfurt April 1968 - May 1970, after his release, group begin to direct viol. vs ppl rather than property using bombings and assassinations - Wanted end of consumerism, Vietnam war and demise of FRG - Before becoming violent, they had public support with 15% having sympathy for their goals What was the German Autumn?? - ANSWERS- RAF activities that took place in the 1970s, killed more than 28 ppl, maimed countless due to bombings, robbed over 30 banks and kidnapped and assassinated key German and US military figures - Leaders Meinhof and Baader arrested 1972 but radicalised inmates, with continuing activity even after their deaths in custody mid-1970s - Public supported ruthless measures vs them, FRG employed effective counter terrorism forces such as GSG9 What Neo-Nazi activity was there?? - ANSWERS- 70 groups in Germany in the 1960s, who became unified in 1964 under the National Democratic Party (NPD) - Mid 1960s saw eco recessions reviving fears of Depression - Growing dislike of guest workers 'taking' German jobs - NPD enjoyed some electoral success winning 8/100 seats in Hesse parliament Oct 1966, failed to enter Bundestag - Ultimately failed due to: ◘ looked and acted liked the Nazi party, beat up journalists at rallies much like SA ◘ Harmed FRG's internatioal rep ◘ Recession that fuelled NPD growth eased What political protest was there in the 1980s? - ANSWERS- Emergence of Green Party with environmental issues and peace campaigns resonating with people of FRG What issues did the FRG face in making emergency legislation?? - ANSWERS- Limited by Statue of Occupation meant that occupying forces could take control in event of emergency and till rearmament of 1950s take responsibility for FRG defence - Aware of how easy it is for govt to use emergency legislation to suspend democracy and rule as dictator - Issue was hugely debated and initially wasn't present in Basic Law though it did allow banning of extreme political parties - Became associated with issue of full sovereignty as Allied Powers wouldn't relinquish control without emergency provisions in place for FRG protection - Issues of independence heightened after 1954 Pari Treaties ending formal occupation of FRG but still maintaining their emergency powers - SPD and FDP opposed to emergency legislation failing it passing the Bundestag in 1958, 1960 and 1963 - 1965, SPD enters Grand Coalition and drops opposition - May 1968 Emergency Laws passed with majority of 100+, allowing interception of mail and phone calls, house searches and restrictions in state security jobs during an emergency - Was precise as to assumption of emergency controls and period of time covered: ◘ Required Bundestag and states' govt approval ◘ Couldn't abolish existing checks and balances on relative power of any govt branch ◘ Couldn't dissolve Bundestag which decided when emergency was over ◘ All emergency legislation suspended after 6 months ◘ Role of federal constitutional court remained inviable - Finally provided FRG with full sovereignty What government action was taken in the 1970s?? - ANSWERS- 1972: Brandt authorised use of 150,000 police to track down RAF members, Employment Ban Law passed banning radicals from public sector employment (thousands with LW connections barred) - 1973: Bundestag implement stricter measures vs terrorists e.g. RAF members given long periods of solitary confinement - 1977: Law Banning Contract passed in response to abduction and murder of Schleyer by RAF which prevented terrorist prisoners contacting each other in jail or their lawyers making defence impossible What was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)??? - ANSWERS- Free market in coal and steel for greater eco integration - Belguim, Luxembourg and Netherlands join - Supranational body, High Authority, set up and tasked with running coal and steel industries for members - Acted as treaty of friendship between France and FRG, closer cooperation with formation of ECC, trade in coal increased 10x, provided 112,500 apartments for workers What was the European Economic Community (EEC)??? - ANSWERS- Coalition between ECSC countries and Italy creating free trade zone with common eco policies - FRG largely the leader as it wanted EEC to develop through greater integration, was honest broker in disputes and supported interests of smaller member countries - Paid largest share of EEC budget at 25%, investing DM56.7 bill, had 25% of GDP of EEC How did consumer demand change from 1945-89??? - ANSWERS- Grew into city of affluence, with citizens feeling seure enough to spend their earnings on desired goods - Car ownership rose from 2 mill in 1950 to 12.1 mill in 1965 - 1964 avg disposable income for 4 person family was DM904, Dm823 spent on priv. consumption 2/3 of which went to food, housing and clothing - 198s 95% own washing machines, refrigerators, tvs, phones etc How did the cost of living change from 1945-89??? - ANSWERS- Increased standard of living fuelled by cheap cost of living cause by low inflation and restrained wage demands - Luxury items cost 4x more in the GDR, clothing costing half as much in FRG - Had lowest cost of living by 1990 compared to Bel, Fra, USA, Italy and UK at 107 vs 133.3 (UK) - Prices rose by 6% each year in 1970s, but UK faced with 24% increase - Inflation never greater than 3% after 1986 Problems in Post-war schooling???? - ANSWERS- Many skl buildings physically destroyed - Nazi legacy left behind; majority of teachers were membs of Nazi parties - Occupying pwrs wanted to implement ideas of demo and tolerance but each pwr wanted to follow edu system of country - Centralised and rigid Nazi edu system effective, many wntd it to remain - US wntd to implement own system but cldn't, too many issues to address Women and unemployment???? - ANSWERS- Basic Law states that men and women are equal, emphasis was on male unemployment - Govt sought to ease returning military personnel into structure they recognised - with women in the home - Women's war work seen as temporary, encouraged to relinquish their jobs as men returned - Many refused, they had literally helped rebuild the country and kept families together, wouldn't give up their jobs Women and work???? - ANSWERS- 'Economic miracle' 1955-66 saw increase in female employment, 44.5% in 1950 to 50% by 1970 - 1963 poll 59% of male and female respondents would have supported law legally banning mothers with children under 10 from working Managerial roles???? - ANSWERS- Few women in managerial roles, most were in caring professions - 1970s they were 75% of hospital workforce, only 4% of physicians, 1/2 of school teachers by less than 20% of head teachers were female - '80s less than 5% of uni professors were women - 70s earned on average 65-78% of male salary even with same job - 1980 equality officers appointed in National Office for Women's Affairs and issues of unequal treatment addressed Divorce???? - ANSWERS- 49,000 in 1060 to 123,000 by 1990 - Given on grounds of infidelity or physical abuse, not until '77 that divorce on grounds of 'irreconcilable break down' legalised - Partner who played lead in childrearing paid alimony to help establish independent income Abortion???? - ANSWERS- Article 218 of Basic Law criminalised abortion - Feminist groups estimated that by '71 1 million illegal and dangerous abortions were taking place p/yr - CDU/CSU opposed on religious grounds - Brandt legalised abortion within first 3 months of pregnancy with doctors permission (1971) - Though it was passed through Reichstag, Federal Constitutional Court declared it illegal → '76 replaced by Indication Law; allowed abortion within first 12 weeks of pregnancy based on social indicators/psychological/medical conditions Feminist movement???? - ANSWERS- Demand full equality, gap between assertion of Basic Law and stereotype of women as wives/mothers, unequal employment opportunities etc Educational Structure???? - ANSWERS• 1949 Basic Law, A30 gave states overall responsibility of edu • Needed to standardise systems, curricla, qual for benefit of moving families • 1955 Dusseldorf Agreement regulates: - # of exam subjects - Length of studies and school holidays - Beginning of school year - Exam standards • Selective system; some wnt HS for 4 yrs, others intermediate skl for 6 yrs, elite went Gymnasium for 8 yrs to prepare for higher edu • Deficiencies Report urged standardisation as vital for eco develop. • Fewer students stayed in skl till 18 compared to developing countries, fewer attended uni, federal spending on edu v smll prt of nat. budg, diff in edu opp based on region, shortfall of skilled wrkrs and gender inequ. Attempts at Educational reform???? - ANSWERS- Brandt, chancellor 1969, promises edu reform - Establishes Fed Min of Edu and Sci - Limited due to respective pwrs of fed and state govts - Many advocated intro of comprehensive skl but no states opened any Higher Education???? - ANSWERS- 1960s brought student protests due to overcrowding and teacher shortages at uni caused probs - 1970s; 24 new unis were built, reforms implemented, fin aid prov to students who needed it - 1960; 200,000, 1992: 1.9 mil attend - Uni focused on research rather than student centred model - 1980s-90s focus shifted frm apprenticeships to uni due to shortages, 38% F students - Elitist at top, unresolvable issue between Fed govt and states Cultural and Generational tensions???? - ANSWERS- Growing US influe into cult created tensions, undermined Ger values - Many in religious comm feared altv lifetstyles, TV and consumerism - Consumerism and materialism prov many w/sense of commonality - Sport helped bring W Ger together - FRG becomes cosmopolitan, US lifestyles seen as exciting; blue jeans, chewing gum, rock 'n' roll & Coca-Cola - Cult. Commodities from US further associated w/breakdown of difference to authority, youth rebellion etc Youth???? - ANSWERS- Presented images of hooligans did not rep all Ger yth within the FRG - 1946, Ger Yth Ring had been created as umbrella organisation for yth grps, fllwd in the footsteps of Boy Scouts/rel yth grps - 1960s student protest movement dvlpd, general rebellion about lngth of hair, style of clothes, choice of music, and pref in friends rather than school work Literature???? - ANSWERS- Cult tensions revealed - Gunter Grass, formed Waffen SS memb, 1959 The Tin Drum novel about Nazi an post-war period written by inmate of insane asylum - Novels created controversy, most citizens do not read highbrow lit, preferring thrillers and romances that entertained Cinema???? - ANSWERS- Attendance fell, 817.5 mill in 1956, 172.2 mill by 1969 - Movies aimed at comm success and featured simple plots - Feb 1962 some filmmakers launched the New cin movement, aimed at creating films of artistic excellence w/new ideas - 1980s much of movement diminished and gave way to comm success once again e.g. comedies and crime capers (Wolfgang Petersen's Das Boot, 1981) Football???? - ANSWERS- Most pop sport after WW2 - W Ger team devel rep for efficiency, teamwork and flair, created clear sense of identity for ppl lvng in FRG Ger - 1954 W Ger won World Cup, cementing nat pride, won again 1974 Arrival of Guest Workers???? - ANSWERS- Eco relied on 'guest' workers, numbers increased after construction of Berlin Wall, 8 mill from Italy and Turkey - Diff schemes focused on areas of labour shortages e.g. low paid/unskilled textile and shipbuilding - Fixed term contracts w/o perm residence, tho many bought family over due to raised stand of living - Dec 1955 treaty was signed w/Italy to bring 100,000 migrant workers within year (Not given citizenship, FRG citizens based on blood not # of yrs of residence) - 1959 150,000, 1966 1.2 mill, 1970 10% of Ger pop - Biggest growth was from Turkey, 1961 agreement, passed med and fitness test, train to West ger, distributed to industrial centres (coal, steel and construction) - Early 1961 many realised wrkrs would be perm fixture in FRG eco and called for fair treatment, scheme worked initially - 1989 18 mill of 61 mill were emigrants or descended from emigrants Status of Guest Workers???? - ANSWERS- Concept of scheme was for temp work, many consistently renewed terms as work was reliable & plentiful - 1964 labour & social affairs minister Blank recog eco value of guest workers, applauded those who renewed and invited them to bring fam assuring access to social welfare and child benefits - Racist att prevalent in far-right grps - Accused of taking jobs away from ethnic Ger and being burden on state - Moved out together and formed their own comm which offered diversity and vibrancy for some and threatened others Economic Downturn of 1970s???? - ANSWERS- Problems began after PEC 1973 oil crisis - Nov: banned further recruitment of foreign workers - 1975 states began to offer financial incentives for them to return home and imposed penalties for any illegal employment of foreign workers - Led to resentment among guest workers who felt they were scapegoated for eco downturn Children of Guest Workers???? - ANSWERS- Born in FRG, educated in Ger and Ger 1st lang, once 18 y/o return to country tho knew nothing about cult first hand - 14 -18 y/o had higher crime rates, failure in edu 70% failed to obtain Abitur at end of school career as skls couldn't cater to them - 50% teens unemployed w/lil access to further edu, Jan 1977 not allowed to work in paid employment - Faced possible deport. On 18th birthday, deport if committed crime before then Attacks from Far Right???? - ANSWERS- Oct 1979 and 1980 6 bombings of Jewish memorials and guest worker accom, 2 Vietnamese refugees killed in Hamburg attack - Resentment vs growing # of asylum seekers from Turkey and develop countries - Little doubt that many wrkrs settled well into Ger life and took place as citizens once they could