NRS 455
Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. What is the primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in
the management of hypertension?
- A. Increasing cardiac output
- B. Reducing peripheral vascular resistance
- C. Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
- D. Enhancing renal sodium excretion
- ANS: C. Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
- Rationale: Beta-blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking
beta-adrenergic receptors, which decreases heart rate and cardiac
output.
©2025
,2. What is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of type
1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
- B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- C. Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
- D. Enhanced renal glucose reabsorption
- ANS: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
3. _________ is the pathological condition in which alveoli are
damaged, leading to impaired gas exchange and reduced lung
compliance.
- ANS: Emphysema
- Rationale: Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) characterized by alveolar damage, which impairs
gas exchange and reduces lung compliance.
©2025
,4. The ___________ protein is primarily involved in
transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
- ANS: Hemoglobin
- Rationale: Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells
responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
True/False Questions
5. True or False: In heart failure, the heart is unable to pump
enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demands.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to
pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs, leading
to symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath.
6. True or False: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased
levels of thyroid hormones in the blood.
- ANS: False
- Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased
levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the blood, leading to an
overactive metabolism.
Multiple Response Questions
©2025
, 7. Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of
chronic kidney disease (CKD)? (Select all that apply)
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypoglycemia
- D. Anemia
- ANS: A. Hypertension, B. Hyperkalemia, D. Anemia
- Rationale: Common clinical manifestations of CKD include
hypertension, hyperkalemia, and anemia, while hypoglycemia is
not typically associated with CKD.
8. What are the key pathophysiological features of asthma?
(Select all that apply)
- A. Airway inflammation
- B. Bronchoconstriction
- C. Increased mucus production
- D. Alveolar destruction
- ANS: A. Airway inflammation, B. Bronchoconstriction, C.
Increased mucus production
- Rationale: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation,
bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production. Alveolar
destruction is more commonly associated with emphysema.
©2025
Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. What is the primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in
the management of hypertension?
- A. Increasing cardiac output
- B. Reducing peripheral vascular resistance
- C. Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
- D. Enhancing renal sodium excretion
- ANS: C. Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
- Rationale: Beta-blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking
beta-adrenergic receptors, which decreases heart rate and cardiac
output.
©2025
,2. What is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of type
1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
- B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- C. Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
- D. Enhanced renal glucose reabsorption
- ANS: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
3. _________ is the pathological condition in which alveoli are
damaged, leading to impaired gas exchange and reduced lung
compliance.
- ANS: Emphysema
- Rationale: Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) characterized by alveolar damage, which impairs
gas exchange and reduces lung compliance.
©2025
,4. The ___________ protein is primarily involved in
transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
- ANS: Hemoglobin
- Rationale: Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells
responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
True/False Questions
5. True or False: In heart failure, the heart is unable to pump
enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demands.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to
pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs, leading
to symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath.
6. True or False: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased
levels of thyroid hormones in the blood.
- ANS: False
- Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased
levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the blood, leading to an
overactive metabolism.
Multiple Response Questions
©2025
, 7. Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of
chronic kidney disease (CKD)? (Select all that apply)
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypoglycemia
- D. Anemia
- ANS: A. Hypertension, B. Hyperkalemia, D. Anemia
- Rationale: Common clinical manifestations of CKD include
hypertension, hyperkalemia, and anemia, while hypoglycemia is
not typically associated with CKD.
8. What are the key pathophysiological features of asthma?
(Select all that apply)
- A. Airway inflammation
- B. Bronchoconstriction
- C. Increased mucus production
- D. Alveolar destruction
- ANS: A. Airway inflammation, B. Bronchoconstriction, C.
Increased mucus production
- Rationale: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation,
bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production. Alveolar
destruction is more commonly associated with emphysema.
©2025
