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Chapterl02:lGravitationlandlthelMotionloflthelPlanets
1. Aslfarlaslislknown,lthelfirstlpersonlwholclaimedlthatlnaturallphenomenalcouldlbeldescribedlbylmathematicslwas
a. Copernicus.
b. Pythagoras.
c. Aristotle.
d. Ptolemy.
ANSWER:lb

2. Thelgroundworklforlmodernlsciencelwasllaidlbylthelfirstlinvestigatorslwholusedlmathematicsltoldescribelnatu
rallphenomena.lTheselwere
a. thelBabylonians,laboutl1800lB.C.
b. thelIonians,laboutl600lB.C.
c. thelPythagoreans,laboutl550lB.C.
d. Ptolemylandlhislassociates,laboutl150lA.D.
ANSWER:lc

3. ThelancientlGreeklthinkerlPythagoraslheldlthelviewlthat
a. trianglesldolnotlexist.
b. naturallphenomenalarelwonderfulltolwatchlbutlcannotlbeldescribedlbylmathematics.
c. thelSunlislatlthelcenterloflthelplanetarylsystem.
d. naturallphenomenalcanlbeldescribedlmathematically.
ANSWER:ld

4. WhatldistinguishedlthelPythagoreanslfromlthelnaturallphilosophyloflthelinvestigatorslwholcamelbeforelthem?
a. TheyluncoveredlthelscientificlwritingsloflthelBabylonians.
b. Theylinventedlalcrudeltelescope.
c. Theylattemptedltolmakelmathematicallmodelsloflphysicallphenomena.
d. Throughltradelroutes,ltheylhadlbeenlexposedltolthelphilosophyloflthelancientlorient.
ANSWER:lc

5. InlancientlGreece,lthelphilosopherlAristotlelputlforthlthelidealthat
a. theluniverselislgovernedlbylregularllaws.
b. thelSunlislthelcenterloflthelsolarlsystem.
c. Earthlislonlyloneloflhundredsloflplanetslscatteredlthroughoutlthelgalaxy.
d. gravitationlkeepslthelplanetslinltheirlorbits.
ANSWER:la

6. AlmajorlthemeloflancientlGreeklphilosophylwaslthatlstarslandlplanetslinlthelsky
a. followedlpatternslthatlcouldlbeldescribedllogically.
b. couldlbelcontrolledlbylthelthoughtslandlactionsloflhumans.
c. werelatlthelmercyloflgodslandlspirits,landlthelbehaviorlofltheselobjectsldependedlonltheirlwhims.


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Chapterl02:lGravitationlandlthelMotionloflthelPlanets
d. behavedlchaotically,landltheirlfuturelbehaviorlwasltotallylunpredictable.
ANSWER:la

7. ThelfirstlpersonltolrealizelthatlthelforcelholdingluslontolEarthlislthelsamelforcelthatlholdslthelsolarlsystemltogeth
erlwaslapparently
a. Plato.
b. Aristotle.
c. Newton.
d. Einstein.
ANSWER:lc

8. Thelintellectuallfoundationloflsciencelis
a. observation,lfaith,landlacceptance.
b. rejectionloflalllobservationslthatldisagreelwithltheory.
c. logicallderivationlentirelylfromlfundamentallprinciples.
d. observation,llogic,landlskepticism.
ANSWER:ld

9. Alscientistlobserveslalnewlphenomenonlthatldisagreeslwithlhislexplanationlorlhypothesis.lFollowinglthelscie
ntificlmethod,lhelshould
a. discardlthelobservationlaslerroneous.
b. modifylhislhypothesis.
c. waitluntillsomeoneldevelopslanladequatelexplanationlbeforelannouncinglhislobservation.
d. rejectlthoselobservationslthatldolnotlagreelwithltheltheory.
ANSWER:lb

10. Inlscience,liflnewlandlreliablelobservationsldisagreelwithlalwell-establishedltheory,lthenlthe
a. observationslshouldlbelclassifiedlforlfuturelreferencelandltheltheorylretainedlaslthelbestlexplanationloflth
elphenomenon.
b. observationslmustlbeldiscarded.
c. theorylmustlbeldiscarded.
d. theorylmustlbelmodifiedltolaccountlforlthelobservations,landliflthislislnotlpossible,lthenltheltheorylmustl
beldiscarded.
ANSWER:ld

11. Inlscience,liflnewlandlreliablelobservationsldisagreelwithlalparticularltheory,lthenlthe
a. observationslmustlbeldiscarded.
b. theorylmustlbelmodified.
c. thelobservationslandltheltheorylshouldlbothlbelretained.
d. theorylmustlbeldiscarded.
ANSWER:lb

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Chapterl02:lGravitationlandlthelMotionloflthelPlanets
12. Thelscientificlmethodlislalmajorlforcelinlscience,landltheoriesldescribinglphysicallphenomenalhavelbeenldeve
lopedlwithlthelaimloflensuringlthat
a. theylagreelwithlwhatlwelfindlinlexperimentslandlobservations.
b. resultslfromlexperimentslcanlbeladjustedltolagreelwithlcarefullylconstructedltheoreticallideals.
c. theylagreelwithlthelwisdomloflthelancients.
d. theylarelsolgoodlandlourlfaithlinlthemlislsolstronglthatlwelneverlneedltoltestlthemlagainstlobser
vations.
ANSWER:la

13. WhichlonelofltheselislNOTlpartloflthelscientificlmethod?
a. makelanlobservationlorldolanlexperiment
b. analyzelresults
c. determinelconsistencelwithlrecognizedlauthorities
d. chooselthelsimplestlexistingltheory
ANSWER:lc

14. WhichlonelofltheselislNOTlpartloflthelscientificlmethod?
a. proposelalnewlexperiment
b. takelalformallvotelatlalrecognizedlinternationallscientificlconference
c. modifylexistingltheory
d. makelpredictions
ANSWER:lb

15. Inlfollowinglthelprinciplesloflthelscientificlmethod,laltheorylproposedltolexplainlalgivenlphenomenonlmust
a. agreelwithlandlbuildlonlpreviousltheorieslbutlneedlnotlexplainlalllobservationslbecauselsomeloflthelobser
vationslmaylbelerroneous.
b. predictlnewlandldifferentlexperimentslthatlwilllextendlthelscopelofltheltheoreticallunderstandinglbutlneed
lnotlexplainlalllthelpreviouslobservationslbecauselnoltheorylislexpectedltolexplainleverythinglcompletely

.
c. explainlalllpreviouslreliablelobservationslinlalconsistentlmannerlbutlneedlnotlsuggestlnewltestslforlthelt
heorylbecauselaltheorylshouldlbelcompletelinlitself.
d. explainlalllknownlreliablelobservationslandlpredictlnewlexperimentslandlobservations.
ANSWER:ld

16. Accordingltolthelscientificlmethod,lalhypothesislthatlislproposedltolexplainlalparticularlphysicallphe
nomenonlislconsideredltolbelwronglif
a. leadinglscientistslinlthelworldlbelievelthatlitlislwrong.
b. itldisagreeslwithlthelacceptedltheorylatltheltimeloflthelproposal.
c. itlappearsltoldefyllogiclandllogicallreasoning.
d. itlislinlconflictlwithlthelresultslofljustlonelreliablelandlrepeatablelobservation.
ANSWER:ld

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