INST 301 Review Questions and Verified
Solutions
Intrapsychological - ✅✅ personal
Vygosky social constructivism
Interpsychological - ✅✅ social transmission - 2+ individuals
Vygotsky social constructivism
Cultural tools - ✅✅ physical and psychological tools - aid in cognition
Example: a laptop is a tool because it enhances the cognitive development process
Private speech - ✅✅ vygotsky
Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action. Eventually, these
verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech
Collective monologue - ✅✅ form of speech in which children in a group talk but
do not really interact or communicate
Zone of Proximal Development - ✅✅ phase at which a child can master a task if
given appropriate help and support
In between what you can do and what you can't do
Vygotsky
Self-concept - ✅✅ collections of traits, attributes you believe are yourself - this
develops EX: I am quiet, tall, kind
True-self - ✅✅ true to yourself who you actually are
False-self - ✅✅ how you act around others & how you present yourself
,Real-self - ✅✅ who you actually are
Ideal-self - ✅✅ who you wish you were
If there is a big gap between real and ideal it can cause developmental issues
Self-esteem - ✅✅ evaluative judgment of self-worth
How we feel about the stuff listed under self-concept
Development - ✅✅ a pattern of changes that begin at conception and continue
throughout the lifespan - systematic - changes are sustained (remain for long
period of time {not technically permanent} you learn to walk and don’t really
forget)
Maturation - ✅✅ maturational changes are specific (boobs, voice dropping) -
part of development but specific - specific to individual - spontaneous
Types of development - ✅✅ biological
- Physical
-Personal
Cognitive
-Intelligence
-Language
-Style of thinking
Social
-changes in the ways we relate to others and the environment
Nature vs nurture - ✅✅ we are who we are born as (DNA) VS. We are who we
are based on how we grew up and environment
-Sources of development ✅✅ -can be both continuous vs discontinuous
Continuous - development is gradual, incremental, smooth transition
Discontinuous-milestones or patterns (Piaget), large gains - can do something you
previously could not
Shape development
, Principles of development - ✅✅ individual differences
Progression
Timing
Tempo
Patterns of Development - ✅✅ directionality - cephalocaudal & proximodistal
Independence of systems
Canalization
Cephalocaudal - ✅✅ top of body to the bottom - head first - body catches up -
babies have big heads
Proximodistal - ✅✅ inside out - we grow from center of our body out - except
during puberty (limbs grow faster)
Independence of systems - ✅✅ systems develop at different rates
Biologically grown up but cognitively not e.g. teen moms
Canalization - ✅✅ resilient - if development is delayed or disrupted it will
persist once conditions are right (EX: abandoned kids may be developmentally
behind but once in a stable environment their development can continue
Neurons - ✅✅ nerve cells that transmit info
2 million at birth
Communicate with each other
Overproduction - ✅✅ more neurons than we will ever need
Makes our brains more efficient and allows us to respond expediently
Pruning - ✅✅ neurons are pruned - the ones not used are gotten rid of - use it or
lose it - either taking up space or not receiving stimulation
Solutions
Intrapsychological - ✅✅ personal
Vygosky social constructivism
Interpsychological - ✅✅ social transmission - 2+ individuals
Vygotsky social constructivism
Cultural tools - ✅✅ physical and psychological tools - aid in cognition
Example: a laptop is a tool because it enhances the cognitive development process
Private speech - ✅✅ vygotsky
Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action. Eventually, these
verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech
Collective monologue - ✅✅ form of speech in which children in a group talk but
do not really interact or communicate
Zone of Proximal Development - ✅✅ phase at which a child can master a task if
given appropriate help and support
In between what you can do and what you can't do
Vygotsky
Self-concept - ✅✅ collections of traits, attributes you believe are yourself - this
develops EX: I am quiet, tall, kind
True-self - ✅✅ true to yourself who you actually are
False-self - ✅✅ how you act around others & how you present yourself
,Real-self - ✅✅ who you actually are
Ideal-self - ✅✅ who you wish you were
If there is a big gap between real and ideal it can cause developmental issues
Self-esteem - ✅✅ evaluative judgment of self-worth
How we feel about the stuff listed under self-concept
Development - ✅✅ a pattern of changes that begin at conception and continue
throughout the lifespan - systematic - changes are sustained (remain for long
period of time {not technically permanent} you learn to walk and don’t really
forget)
Maturation - ✅✅ maturational changes are specific (boobs, voice dropping) -
part of development but specific - specific to individual - spontaneous
Types of development - ✅✅ biological
- Physical
-Personal
Cognitive
-Intelligence
-Language
-Style of thinking
Social
-changes in the ways we relate to others and the environment
Nature vs nurture - ✅✅ we are who we are born as (DNA) VS. We are who we
are based on how we grew up and environment
-Sources of development ✅✅ -can be both continuous vs discontinuous
Continuous - development is gradual, incremental, smooth transition
Discontinuous-milestones or patterns (Piaget), large gains - can do something you
previously could not
Shape development
, Principles of development - ✅✅ individual differences
Progression
Timing
Tempo
Patterns of Development - ✅✅ directionality - cephalocaudal & proximodistal
Independence of systems
Canalization
Cephalocaudal - ✅✅ top of body to the bottom - head first - body catches up -
babies have big heads
Proximodistal - ✅✅ inside out - we grow from center of our body out - except
during puberty (limbs grow faster)
Independence of systems - ✅✅ systems develop at different rates
Biologically grown up but cognitively not e.g. teen moms
Canalization - ✅✅ resilient - if development is delayed or disrupted it will
persist once conditions are right (EX: abandoned kids may be developmentally
behind but once in a stable environment their development can continue
Neurons - ✅✅ nerve cells that transmit info
2 million at birth
Communicate with each other
Overproduction - ✅✅ more neurons than we will ever need
Makes our brains more efficient and allows us to respond expediently
Pruning - ✅✅ neurons are pruned - the ones not used are gotten rid of - use it or
lose it - either taking up space or not receiving stimulation
