UTA 5315 Exam 5 Renal Questions and
answers 2025
Inversely .- .ANS✓✓-phosphorus .and .calcium .are ._______ .related
Decreases, .increases .- .ANS✓✓-Calcium .__________ .in .renal .failure, .so
.phosphorus .______________
Nephron .- .ANS✓✓-Functions: .filtration, .reabsorption, .secretion
glomerular .filtration .- .ANS✓✓-The .first .step .in .urine .formation .in .which
.substances .in .blood .pass .through .the .filtration .membrane .and .the .filtrate
.enters .the .proximal .convoluted .tubule .of .the .nephron.
Glomerular .filtration .rate .GFR .- .ANS✓✓-amount .of .filtrate .formed .in .all .the
.renal .corpuscles .of .both .kidneys .each .minute; .filtration .of .plasma .per .unit .of
.time; .directly .related .to .the .perfusion .pressure .in .the .glomerular .capillaries;
.filtrate .enters .proximal .tubule .@ .125ml/min
proximal .convoluted .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-first .section .of .the .renal .tubule .that .the
.blood .flows .through; .Reabsorbs .all .the .glucose .and .reabsorbs .amino .acids,
.most .of .the .HCO3, .a, .Cl, .phosphate, .K, .H20; .If .serum .glucose .is .>180 .mg/dL,
.the .renal .threshold .for .glucose .is .exceeded .and .results .in .glucosuria .and
.damage .associated .with .DM; .When .stimulated .by .the .parathyroid .hormone, .this
.tubule .excretes .phosphate; .The .site .of .action .for .angiotensin .II, .which
.stimulates .Na, .H20, .and .Bicarb .reabsorption
Descending .loop .of .Henle .- .ANS✓✓-section .of .nephron .tubing .that .extends
.from .proximal .tubule; .impermeable .to .Na, .passively .reabsorbs .water .and
.concentrates .urine
ascending .loop .of .henle .- .ANS✓✓-section .of .nephron .tubing .that .extends .from
.descending .loop .of .henle; .actively .reabsorbs .Na, .K, .Cl; .Induces .the
.reabsorption .of .magnesium .and .Ca .and .is .IMPEREABLE .to .water .-> .making .the
.urine .more .dilute
distal .convoluted .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-Between .the .descending .loop .of .Henle .and
.the .collecting .duct; .Selective .reabsorption .and .secretion .occur .here, .actively
, .reabsorbs .Na; .Impermeable .to .water, .making .urine .more .dilute; .Parathyroid
.hormone .increases .Ca .reabsorption .here
Collecting .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-Extends .from .the .distal .convoluted .tubule .and
.connects .with .the .renal .pyramids; .Reabsorbs .Na .in .exchange .for .K .and .H+;
.this .process .is .regulated .by .the .hormone .aldosterone .and .is .the .site .of .action
.for .Antidiuretic .hormone .as .well
Juxtaglomerular .cells .- .ANS✓✓-part .of .Juxtaglomerular .apparatus .(JGA) .that .is
.a .collection .of .cells .that .monitor .renal .pressure .and .help .to .maintain .normal
.GFR .through .the .release .of .RENIN
When .renal .perfusion .is .decreased .these .cells .release .renin .got .help .increase
.GFR; .end .result .of .renin .is .the .release .of .angiotensin .II .which .constricts .the
.efferent .arteriole .and .thus .increases .the .pressure .to .the .glomerulus
Macula .Densa .- .ANS✓✓-part .of .JGA .that .is .a .group .of .epithelial .cells .located
.in .the .distal .convoluted .tubule .that .are .in .close .contact .with .afferent .and
.efferent .arterioles .
helps .regulate .GFR
Mesangial .Cells .- .ANS✓✓-Part .of .JGA .that .function .as .macrophages .and .are
.able .to .contract .to .regular .blood .flow .of .the .glomerular .capillaries
Contract .and .relax .in .response .to .hormonal .stimulation
Prostaglandins
Autoregulation .- .ANS✓✓-Maintains .GFR .despite .changes .in .local .blood
.pressure .and .blood .flow .
By .changing .diameters .of .afferent .arterioles, .efferent .arterioles, .and .glomerular
.capillaries
Neural .- .ANS✓✓-________ .regulation .of .GFR: .the .sympathetic .division .of .the
.ANS .stimulates .smooth .muscle .of .the .afferent .arterioles
Hormone .Regulation .of .GFR .- .ANS✓✓--secondary .line .of .control
-kicks .in .when .theres .a .chronic .change .in .GFR
-renin .from .the .juxtaglomerular .apparatus .is .the .first .hormone .to .cause .a
.change
-Renin .Angiotensin .relationship .stimulates .aldosterone .release .from .the .adrenal
.glands .
-Aldosterone .triggers .the .release .of .antidiuretic .hormone .from .the .pituitary
.gland
Urea .- .ANS✓✓-waste .product .formed .in .the .liver, .filtered .out .of .the .blood .by
.the .kidneys, .and .excreted .in .urine
answers 2025
Inversely .- .ANS✓✓-phosphorus .and .calcium .are ._______ .related
Decreases, .increases .- .ANS✓✓-Calcium .__________ .in .renal .failure, .so
.phosphorus .______________
Nephron .- .ANS✓✓-Functions: .filtration, .reabsorption, .secretion
glomerular .filtration .- .ANS✓✓-The .first .step .in .urine .formation .in .which
.substances .in .blood .pass .through .the .filtration .membrane .and .the .filtrate
.enters .the .proximal .convoluted .tubule .of .the .nephron.
Glomerular .filtration .rate .GFR .- .ANS✓✓-amount .of .filtrate .formed .in .all .the
.renal .corpuscles .of .both .kidneys .each .minute; .filtration .of .plasma .per .unit .of
.time; .directly .related .to .the .perfusion .pressure .in .the .glomerular .capillaries;
.filtrate .enters .proximal .tubule .@ .125ml/min
proximal .convoluted .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-first .section .of .the .renal .tubule .that .the
.blood .flows .through; .Reabsorbs .all .the .glucose .and .reabsorbs .amino .acids,
.most .of .the .HCO3, .a, .Cl, .phosphate, .K, .H20; .If .serum .glucose .is .>180 .mg/dL,
.the .renal .threshold .for .glucose .is .exceeded .and .results .in .glucosuria .and
.damage .associated .with .DM; .When .stimulated .by .the .parathyroid .hormone, .this
.tubule .excretes .phosphate; .The .site .of .action .for .angiotensin .II, .which
.stimulates .Na, .H20, .and .Bicarb .reabsorption
Descending .loop .of .Henle .- .ANS✓✓-section .of .nephron .tubing .that .extends
.from .proximal .tubule; .impermeable .to .Na, .passively .reabsorbs .water .and
.concentrates .urine
ascending .loop .of .henle .- .ANS✓✓-section .of .nephron .tubing .that .extends .from
.descending .loop .of .henle; .actively .reabsorbs .Na, .K, .Cl; .Induces .the
.reabsorption .of .magnesium .and .Ca .and .is .IMPEREABLE .to .water .-> .making .the
.urine .more .dilute
distal .convoluted .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-Between .the .descending .loop .of .Henle .and
.the .collecting .duct; .Selective .reabsorption .and .secretion .occur .here, .actively
, .reabsorbs .Na; .Impermeable .to .water, .making .urine .more .dilute; .Parathyroid
.hormone .increases .Ca .reabsorption .here
Collecting .tubule .- .ANS✓✓-Extends .from .the .distal .convoluted .tubule .and
.connects .with .the .renal .pyramids; .Reabsorbs .Na .in .exchange .for .K .and .H+;
.this .process .is .regulated .by .the .hormone .aldosterone .and .is .the .site .of .action
.for .Antidiuretic .hormone .as .well
Juxtaglomerular .cells .- .ANS✓✓-part .of .Juxtaglomerular .apparatus .(JGA) .that .is
.a .collection .of .cells .that .monitor .renal .pressure .and .help .to .maintain .normal
.GFR .through .the .release .of .RENIN
When .renal .perfusion .is .decreased .these .cells .release .renin .got .help .increase
.GFR; .end .result .of .renin .is .the .release .of .angiotensin .II .which .constricts .the
.efferent .arteriole .and .thus .increases .the .pressure .to .the .glomerulus
Macula .Densa .- .ANS✓✓-part .of .JGA .that .is .a .group .of .epithelial .cells .located
.in .the .distal .convoluted .tubule .that .are .in .close .contact .with .afferent .and
.efferent .arterioles .
helps .regulate .GFR
Mesangial .Cells .- .ANS✓✓-Part .of .JGA .that .function .as .macrophages .and .are
.able .to .contract .to .regular .blood .flow .of .the .glomerular .capillaries
Contract .and .relax .in .response .to .hormonal .stimulation
Prostaglandins
Autoregulation .- .ANS✓✓-Maintains .GFR .despite .changes .in .local .blood
.pressure .and .blood .flow .
By .changing .diameters .of .afferent .arterioles, .efferent .arterioles, .and .glomerular
.capillaries
Neural .- .ANS✓✓-________ .regulation .of .GFR: .the .sympathetic .division .of .the
.ANS .stimulates .smooth .muscle .of .the .afferent .arterioles
Hormone .Regulation .of .GFR .- .ANS✓✓--secondary .line .of .control
-kicks .in .when .theres .a .chronic .change .in .GFR
-renin .from .the .juxtaglomerular .apparatus .is .the .first .hormone .to .cause .a
.change
-Renin .Angiotensin .relationship .stimulates .aldosterone .release .from .the .adrenal
.glands .
-Aldosterone .triggers .the .release .of .antidiuretic .hormone .from .the .pituitary
.gland
Urea .- .ANS✓✓-waste .product .formed .in .the .liver, .filtered .out .of .the .blood .by
.the .kidneys, .and .excreted .in .urine
