PHRM 123 EXAM CORE QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 2025
GRADED A+
✔✔Does an ECG trace provide a direct measurement of mechanical events in the
heart? - ✔✔No
✔✔What is a visual representation of the spread of electrical excitation in the heart
through the heart's electrical conduction pathway? - ✔✔ECG tracing
✔✔What are deflections in an ECG trace indicative of? - ✔✔an electrical event in the
heart that is followed by an associated mechanical event
✔✔What does a wave of depolarization moving towards a lead produce? - ✔✔positive
deflection
✔✔What does a wave of depolarization moving away from a lead produce? -
✔✔negative deflection
✔✔What does movement at right angles to the lead produce? - ✔✔no deflection
✔✔What does waves of repolarization moving away from a lead produce? - ✔✔positive
deflection
✔✔What does waves of repolarization moving towards a lead produce? - ✔✔negative
deflection
✔✔What forms an ECG lead? - ✔✔pair of electrodes
✔✔How many ECG leads are there? - ✔✔12; which provides 12 views of the heart, 12
different ECG tracings
✔✔What does a flat line on an ECG trace indicate? - ✔✔no net current flow; isoelectric
line
✔✔If the net depolarization travels towards the positive electrode, the ECG trace will
record what kind of deflection? - ✔✔upward; above the isoelectric line
✔✔If the net depolarization travels away from the positive electrode, the ECG trace will
record what kind of deflection? - ✔✔downward; below the isoelectric line
✔✔What part of the body is the earth electrode usually placed? - ✔✔right foot
✔✔How many electrodes are used to create 12 different leads? - ✔✔10
, ✔✔Why are there usually 12 leads in an ECG? - ✔✔each provides a view of the
electrical activity of the heart from slightly different directions
✔✔What are the inferior leads? - ✔✔II, III, aVF
✔✔What are the anterior leads? - ✔✔V3, V4
✔✔What are the septal leads? - ✔✔V1, V2
✔✔What are the lateral leads? - ✔✔I, aVL, V5, V6
✔✔What are the standard bipolar limb leads? - ✔✔I, II, III
✔✔What are the augmented unipolar limb leads? - ✔✔aVR, aVL, aVF
✔✔Where are the augmented unipolar limb leads located? - ✔✔coronal (frontal) plane
✔✔Where are the standard bipolar limb leads located? - ✔✔coronal (frontal) plane
✔✔Where are the unipolar chest leads located? - ✔✔horizontal plane
✔✔What are the unipolar chest leads - ✔✔V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6
✔✔Are the standard limb leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔bipolar
✔✔Are the augmented limb leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔unipolar
✔✔Are the chest leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔unipolar
✔✔What chest leads are primarily a posterior-anterior view? - ✔✔V1, V2, V3
✔✔What chest leads are primarily a right/left or lateral view? - ✔✔V4, V5, V6
✔✔What visualizes the heart's electrical activity from different directions around the
heart and are bipolar? - ✔✔standard limb leads
✔✔What is in a frontal plane of the body and imagines the heart in the center of a
triangle spanning the body's trunk? - ✔✔Einthoven's triangle
✔✔Why are the standard leads also called bipolar limb leads? - ✔✔they measure the
voltage between two leads; one positive, the other negative
GRADED A+
✔✔Does an ECG trace provide a direct measurement of mechanical events in the
heart? - ✔✔No
✔✔What is a visual representation of the spread of electrical excitation in the heart
through the heart's electrical conduction pathway? - ✔✔ECG tracing
✔✔What are deflections in an ECG trace indicative of? - ✔✔an electrical event in the
heart that is followed by an associated mechanical event
✔✔What does a wave of depolarization moving towards a lead produce? - ✔✔positive
deflection
✔✔What does a wave of depolarization moving away from a lead produce? -
✔✔negative deflection
✔✔What does movement at right angles to the lead produce? - ✔✔no deflection
✔✔What does waves of repolarization moving away from a lead produce? - ✔✔positive
deflection
✔✔What does waves of repolarization moving towards a lead produce? - ✔✔negative
deflection
✔✔What forms an ECG lead? - ✔✔pair of electrodes
✔✔How many ECG leads are there? - ✔✔12; which provides 12 views of the heart, 12
different ECG tracings
✔✔What does a flat line on an ECG trace indicate? - ✔✔no net current flow; isoelectric
line
✔✔If the net depolarization travels towards the positive electrode, the ECG trace will
record what kind of deflection? - ✔✔upward; above the isoelectric line
✔✔If the net depolarization travels away from the positive electrode, the ECG trace will
record what kind of deflection? - ✔✔downward; below the isoelectric line
✔✔What part of the body is the earth electrode usually placed? - ✔✔right foot
✔✔How many electrodes are used to create 12 different leads? - ✔✔10
, ✔✔Why are there usually 12 leads in an ECG? - ✔✔each provides a view of the
electrical activity of the heart from slightly different directions
✔✔What are the inferior leads? - ✔✔II, III, aVF
✔✔What are the anterior leads? - ✔✔V3, V4
✔✔What are the septal leads? - ✔✔V1, V2
✔✔What are the lateral leads? - ✔✔I, aVL, V5, V6
✔✔What are the standard bipolar limb leads? - ✔✔I, II, III
✔✔What are the augmented unipolar limb leads? - ✔✔aVR, aVL, aVF
✔✔Where are the augmented unipolar limb leads located? - ✔✔coronal (frontal) plane
✔✔Where are the standard bipolar limb leads located? - ✔✔coronal (frontal) plane
✔✔Where are the unipolar chest leads located? - ✔✔horizontal plane
✔✔What are the unipolar chest leads - ✔✔V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6
✔✔Are the standard limb leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔bipolar
✔✔Are the augmented limb leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔unipolar
✔✔Are the chest leads unipolar or bipolar? - ✔✔unipolar
✔✔What chest leads are primarily a posterior-anterior view? - ✔✔V1, V2, V3
✔✔What chest leads are primarily a right/left or lateral view? - ✔✔V4, V5, V6
✔✔What visualizes the heart's electrical activity from different directions around the
heart and are bipolar? - ✔✔standard limb leads
✔✔What is in a frontal plane of the body and imagines the heart in the center of a
triangle spanning the body's trunk? - ✔✔Einthoven's triangle
✔✔Why are the standard leads also called bipolar limb leads? - ✔✔they measure the
voltage between two leads; one positive, the other negative
