1
Note Taking Template
Page 1-3 is an example of amazing note taking. Please include this in
your ATI Passport Folder!
Module 1: Weekly Learning Objectives
Objective 1. Identify cellular regulation in maintaining homeostasis.
Cell Structure
Ribosomes- Synthesis protein
Mitochondria- Creates ATP. Contain its own DNA and ribosomes
ATP-anerobic metabolism. Breaks down glucose, triglycerides and protein ( ast resort)
Diffusion- Movement of SOLUTES across a membrane. High to low concentrations
Osmosis- Movement of FLUID across a membrane. High to low concentrations
Active Transport- Movement of solute across a membrane AGAINIST the gradient (low to high
concentrations) requires energy (ATP)
Major electrolytes INSIDE the cell: K, Mg, Phos
Major electrolytes outside the cell: ns, Cl, Bic,
Electrolytes Normal Range
Sodium (Na) 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium(K) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl) 99-111 mmol/L
Calcium (Ca) 8.5-10.9 mg/dL
Magnesium, (Mg)1.3-2.1 mg/dL
Phosphorus (Phos) 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
Glucose (Gluc) 70-99 mg/dL
Neoplasm- New growth
Decreased function
Atrophy- decreased workload leads to decreased size
Hypertrophy- increased workload leads to increased size
Increased function:
Increased workload leads to increased size due to cell proliferation.
Dysplasia- Pathological Mutation of cells
Apoptosis -Programed cell death
Carcinogenesis- Initiation, Promotion, Progression
1
, 2
Benign cancers- grow slowly, stay localized, are well defined, look more like cells of the
original tissue. (differentiated)
Malignant cancers: develops rapidly, spread to distant locations (metastasizes), less like original
tissue type (undifferentiated) fatal to host.
Diseases begin with cell damage (ischemia, necrosis, free radicals)
Objective 2. Explain the general process that maintains fluid and electrolytes
and acid-base balance
Hydrogen Concentration (pH) 7.35-7.45
Acidosis 7.35-7.45 Alkalosis
Metabolic processes release acids which freely release hydrogen ions. resulting in increased
acidity and lower blood pH.
In response, the body can use chemical buffers such as bases to neutralize the acids and
physiological buffers excrete hydrogen ions through the kidney.
Respiratory acidosis occurs when breathing difficulties allow carbon dioxide to build up in the
body. Carbon dioxide builds up in the tissues. Excess carbon dioxide combines with water to
produce carbonic acid. Carbonic acid disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The
build up of hydrogen ions lowers pH and causes acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when metabolic disorders allow certain acids to build up or cause the
loss of basic buffers such as bicarbonate. Conditions causing metabolic acidosis can include
diabetes and kidney disease, ingestion of acidic drugs such as aspirin or toxins, alcoholism, and
chronic diarrhea, resulting in significant bicarbonate loss. Since acidosis is the result of a variety
of conditions, treating the underlying condition is the first step. Bicarbonate may be used to treat
metabolic acidosis, and oxygenation and ventilation may be used to treat respiratory acidosis.
Alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when hyperventilation causes too much carbon dioxide to be
exhaled. If respiration removes carbon dioxide faster than the body produces it, a carbon dioxide
deficit ensues. As a result, less carbon dioxide is available to combine with water to produce
carbonic acid. Less carbonic acid dissociates into fewer free hydrogen ions. A deficit of hydrogen
ions raises pH and causes alkalosis.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when hydrogen ion concentration decreases or bicarbonate increases.
Conditions causing metabolic alkalosis include depletion of gastric acid through chronic
vomiting or nasogastric suction and introduction of excess bicarbonate such as intravenous
bicarbonate solutions or antacids. Primary treatment for respiratory alkalosis is reduction of
respiratory rate to allow carbon dioxide to return to normal levels. Treatment for metabolic
alkalosis from excess bicarbonate intake includes decreasing bicarbonate administration while
2
Note Taking Template
Page 1-3 is an example of amazing note taking. Please include this in
your ATI Passport Folder!
Module 1: Weekly Learning Objectives
Objective 1. Identify cellular regulation in maintaining homeostasis.
Cell Structure
Ribosomes- Synthesis protein
Mitochondria- Creates ATP. Contain its own DNA and ribosomes
ATP-anerobic metabolism. Breaks down glucose, triglycerides and protein ( ast resort)
Diffusion- Movement of SOLUTES across a membrane. High to low concentrations
Osmosis- Movement of FLUID across a membrane. High to low concentrations
Active Transport- Movement of solute across a membrane AGAINIST the gradient (low to high
concentrations) requires energy (ATP)
Major electrolytes INSIDE the cell: K, Mg, Phos
Major electrolytes outside the cell: ns, Cl, Bic,
Electrolytes Normal Range
Sodium (Na) 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium(K) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl) 99-111 mmol/L
Calcium (Ca) 8.5-10.9 mg/dL
Magnesium, (Mg)1.3-2.1 mg/dL
Phosphorus (Phos) 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
Glucose (Gluc) 70-99 mg/dL
Neoplasm- New growth
Decreased function
Atrophy- decreased workload leads to decreased size
Hypertrophy- increased workload leads to increased size
Increased function:
Increased workload leads to increased size due to cell proliferation.
Dysplasia- Pathological Mutation of cells
Apoptosis -Programed cell death
Carcinogenesis- Initiation, Promotion, Progression
1
, 2
Benign cancers- grow slowly, stay localized, are well defined, look more like cells of the
original tissue. (differentiated)
Malignant cancers: develops rapidly, spread to distant locations (metastasizes), less like original
tissue type (undifferentiated) fatal to host.
Diseases begin with cell damage (ischemia, necrosis, free radicals)
Objective 2. Explain the general process that maintains fluid and electrolytes
and acid-base balance
Hydrogen Concentration (pH) 7.35-7.45
Acidosis 7.35-7.45 Alkalosis
Metabolic processes release acids which freely release hydrogen ions. resulting in increased
acidity and lower blood pH.
In response, the body can use chemical buffers such as bases to neutralize the acids and
physiological buffers excrete hydrogen ions through the kidney.
Respiratory acidosis occurs when breathing difficulties allow carbon dioxide to build up in the
body. Carbon dioxide builds up in the tissues. Excess carbon dioxide combines with water to
produce carbonic acid. Carbonic acid disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The
build up of hydrogen ions lowers pH and causes acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when metabolic disorders allow certain acids to build up or cause the
loss of basic buffers such as bicarbonate. Conditions causing metabolic acidosis can include
diabetes and kidney disease, ingestion of acidic drugs such as aspirin or toxins, alcoholism, and
chronic diarrhea, resulting in significant bicarbonate loss. Since acidosis is the result of a variety
of conditions, treating the underlying condition is the first step. Bicarbonate may be used to treat
metabolic acidosis, and oxygenation and ventilation may be used to treat respiratory acidosis.
Alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when hyperventilation causes too much carbon dioxide to be
exhaled. If respiration removes carbon dioxide faster than the body produces it, a carbon dioxide
deficit ensues. As a result, less carbon dioxide is available to combine with water to produce
carbonic acid. Less carbonic acid dissociates into fewer free hydrogen ions. A deficit of hydrogen
ions raises pH and causes alkalosis.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when hydrogen ion concentration decreases or bicarbonate increases.
Conditions causing metabolic alkalosis include depletion of gastric acid through chronic
vomiting or nasogastric suction and introduction of excess bicarbonate such as intravenous
bicarbonate solutions or antacids. Primary treatment for respiratory alkalosis is reduction of
respiratory rate to allow carbon dioxide to return to normal levels. Treatment for metabolic
alkalosis from excess bicarbonate intake includes decreasing bicarbonate administration while
2
