❖ Vocabulary:
➢ Etiology- The cause of disease
➢ Pathogenesis- The development of disease
➢ Clinical Manifestations- The identifiable signs and symptoms of a disease
➢ Homeostasis- Balance between body systems to maintain health
➢ Idiopathic- Unknown cause of disease
➢ Iatrogenic- unintended effect of medical treatment
❖ Levels of Prevention
➢ Primary- prevention of disease during healthy state
➢ Secondary- Detection of disease (pap smears, colonoscopy after 50 yrs)
➢ Tertiary- Preventing further complications of the disease state
❖ The cell
➢ Nucleus- Contains DNA, control center of the cell
➢ Cytoplasm- matrix where organelles are suspended
➢ Cell Membrane- semipermeable membrane that allows for the movement of
➢ Ribosomes- protein synthesis (can be attached to ER or free-floating)
➢ Endoplasmic Reticulum - Tubular communication system
■ Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, protein synthesis
■ Smooth ER: Lipid Synthesis
, ➢ Mitochondria- Site of ATP production“Powerhouse of the cell”
➢ Cilia- Hair-like legs used for movement
➢ Membrane receptors
➢ ATP- Energy currency used for the cell’s processes
❖ Cell Cycle and Normal Changes trophy= cell size plasia=cell
number
➢ Cell differentiation- When a basic immature cell becomes specialized into a
specific kind of cell.
➢ Allostasis- The cell’s ability to successfully adapt to changes in the environment
➢ Apoptosis- Programmed cell suicide (normal part of cell life)
➢ Atrophy- Cell shrinkage due to a decrease in workload
➢ Hypertrophy- Increase in cell size due to an increase in workload
➢ Hyperplasia- Increase in number of cells due to increased workload
■ Hormonal- Hormones act on a tissue making it increase the production of
those cells
■ Compensatory- A disease state occurs and the body increases in number
of cells in an attempt to get back to homeostasis
➢ Metaplasia- The change of tissue type to another tissue type
■ Usually caused by pathology (ex: smoking creating abnormal cells in the
lungs)
➢ Dysplasia- Abnormal growth of cells (can be pre-cancerous)
➢ Mitosis- Cell division resulting in 2 identical cells (every cell in your body except
sperm and egg)
➢ Meiosis- Cell division of sex cells resulting in 4 cells
❖ Cell Injury- 3 Types
➢ Ischemia- inadequate blood supply causing a decrease in oxygen delivery to
tissue
➢ Necrosis- Death of all or most cells of a tissue (irreversible)
➢ Free radicals- Atoms or molecules with an odd number of electrons, these
damage cells by stealing electrons from them
❖ Body Fluids
➢ Fluid compartments
■ Intracellular- Inside the cell
■ Extracellular- Outside the cell
■ Intravascular- Inside the blood vessel (contains proteins)
■ Interstitial- Space outside of blood vessel and between tissues (this is
where edema occurs)
➢ Etiology- The cause of disease
➢ Pathogenesis- The development of disease
➢ Clinical Manifestations- The identifiable signs and symptoms of a disease
➢ Homeostasis- Balance between body systems to maintain health
➢ Idiopathic- Unknown cause of disease
➢ Iatrogenic- unintended effect of medical treatment
❖ Levels of Prevention
➢ Primary- prevention of disease during healthy state
➢ Secondary- Detection of disease (pap smears, colonoscopy after 50 yrs)
➢ Tertiary- Preventing further complications of the disease state
❖ The cell
➢ Nucleus- Contains DNA, control center of the cell
➢ Cytoplasm- matrix where organelles are suspended
➢ Cell Membrane- semipermeable membrane that allows for the movement of
➢ Ribosomes- protein synthesis (can be attached to ER or free-floating)
➢ Endoplasmic Reticulum - Tubular communication system
■ Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, protein synthesis
■ Smooth ER: Lipid Synthesis
, ➢ Mitochondria- Site of ATP production“Powerhouse of the cell”
➢ Cilia- Hair-like legs used for movement
➢ Membrane receptors
➢ ATP- Energy currency used for the cell’s processes
❖ Cell Cycle and Normal Changes trophy= cell size plasia=cell
number
➢ Cell differentiation- When a basic immature cell becomes specialized into a
specific kind of cell.
➢ Allostasis- The cell’s ability to successfully adapt to changes in the environment
➢ Apoptosis- Programmed cell suicide (normal part of cell life)
➢ Atrophy- Cell shrinkage due to a decrease in workload
➢ Hypertrophy- Increase in cell size due to an increase in workload
➢ Hyperplasia- Increase in number of cells due to increased workload
■ Hormonal- Hormones act on a tissue making it increase the production of
those cells
■ Compensatory- A disease state occurs and the body increases in number
of cells in an attempt to get back to homeostasis
➢ Metaplasia- The change of tissue type to another tissue type
■ Usually caused by pathology (ex: smoking creating abnormal cells in the
lungs)
➢ Dysplasia- Abnormal growth of cells (can be pre-cancerous)
➢ Mitosis- Cell division resulting in 2 identical cells (every cell in your body except
sperm and egg)
➢ Meiosis- Cell division of sex cells resulting in 4 cells
❖ Cell Injury- 3 Types
➢ Ischemia- inadequate blood supply causing a decrease in oxygen delivery to
tissue
➢ Necrosis- Death of all or most cells of a tissue (irreversible)
➢ Free radicals- Atoms or molecules with an odd number of electrons, these
damage cells by stealing electrons from them
❖ Body Fluids
➢ Fluid compartments
■ Intracellular- Inside the cell
■ Extracellular- Outside the cell
■ Intravascular- Inside the blood vessel (contains proteins)
■ Interstitial- Space outside of blood vessel and between tissues (this is
where edema occurs)
