Test Bank For Mccance & Huether’s
Pathophysiology,
Refers to explaining the physiological processes or mechanisms
whereby a condition develops and progresses; the functional
changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury -
ANSWER Pathophysiology
The disease's cause. Linked to genetic makeup (inheritance)
and environmental interaction. What causes the dysfunction? -
ANSWER Etiology
Any microorganism that can cause disease, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, etc. - ANSWER Pathogen
The origins of the disease and the mechanism of the disease's
development. How does the body react? - ANSWER
Pathogenesis
The functional consequences of the structural and biochemical
alterations induced in the cells, tissues and organs. Can be
investigated in terms of onset, palliative, quality, region,
severity, and timing. How is process apparent in the person? -
ANSWER Clinical manifestations
One part of the cell is a nerve, i.e. neurotransmitters - ANSWER
Synaptic
,Signal carried by the blood to act on something else; want it to
be a widespread effect. Hormones carry signals. - ANSWER
Endocrine
Local signals. Does not go into the blood, rather it stays in the
intracellular fluid. - ANSWER Paracrine
A form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or
chemical messenger. It's self-signaling. - ANSWER Autocrine
Maintains the integrity of the cell and guards the contents of
the cell; a double layer of lipid molecules with carbohydrates
and proteins interspersed. Selectively semipermeable; acts as a
barrier. - ANSWER Cell Membrane
Determined primarily by the potassium equilibrium across the
membrane. In a typical neuron, its value is −70 mV. - ANSWER
Resting Membrane Potential
Why does the resting membrane potential tend to stay
negative? - ANSWER Resting membrane potential stays
negative because there is a steady, small potassium "leak". The
membranes do a better job of controlling resting permeability
to Na than to K. The sodium-potassium pump (Na+ K+ ATPase)
constantly pumps Na+ out in exchange for K+ in
,How does change in extracellular potassium (K) change the
RMP? - ANSWER Concentration gradient pulls K+ out of cell
and electrical gradient pulls K+ into cell.
The predominant homeostatic control mechanisms. Favors
stability. Ex: Blood pressure control, body temperature control,
body water balance (osmotic control), blood pH control,
appetite (feeding control) - ANSWER Negative feedback
systems
Produces a reaction that increases the original stimulus. Often,
these are associated with pathological processes, but they can
be physiologic. - ANSWER Positive feedback systems
What is an example of positive feedback? - ANSWER During
labor, the contraction of the uterus causes the release of a
hormone called oxytocin from the hypothalamus. Oxytocin
increases contraction frequency. Contractions then push the
baby down the birth canal and into the world. After birth,
oxytoxin acts to contract the expanded uterus in order to
minimize bleeding in the mother.
Equilibrium is a steady state (one of many), but in humans
typically associated with _______. - ANSWER Death
Decreased Cell Size (can be caused by disuse, denervation,
inadequate nutrition, ischemia). - ANSWER Atrophy
, Increase in Cell Size - ANSWER Hypertrophy
Increase in the *number* of cells. The mammary glands enlarge
during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal
_____. - ANSWER Hyperplasia
When one type of cell Is replaced by another type of cell (Ex:
GIRD/acid reflux). - ANSWER Metaplasia
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? - ANSWER
Metaplasia
Disordered cells, cells that have lost normal architectural
arrangement . - ANSWER Dysplasia
Refers to cell death and is usually from ischemic injury, which
usually follows loss of blood flow. - ANSWER Necrosis
Which cell component is capable of cellular auto-digestion
when it is released during cell injury? - ANSWER Lysosome
These are reactive molecules present in the environment and
generated by the body during inefficient mitochondrial
metabolism. - ANSWER "Free Radicals" AKA "Oxidants"
Pathophysiology,
Refers to explaining the physiological processes or mechanisms
whereby a condition develops and progresses; the functional
changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury -
ANSWER Pathophysiology
The disease's cause. Linked to genetic makeup (inheritance)
and environmental interaction. What causes the dysfunction? -
ANSWER Etiology
Any microorganism that can cause disease, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, etc. - ANSWER Pathogen
The origins of the disease and the mechanism of the disease's
development. How does the body react? - ANSWER
Pathogenesis
The functional consequences of the structural and biochemical
alterations induced in the cells, tissues and organs. Can be
investigated in terms of onset, palliative, quality, region,
severity, and timing. How is process apparent in the person? -
ANSWER Clinical manifestations
One part of the cell is a nerve, i.e. neurotransmitters - ANSWER
Synaptic
,Signal carried by the blood to act on something else; want it to
be a widespread effect. Hormones carry signals. - ANSWER
Endocrine
Local signals. Does not go into the blood, rather it stays in the
intracellular fluid. - ANSWER Paracrine
A form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or
chemical messenger. It's self-signaling. - ANSWER Autocrine
Maintains the integrity of the cell and guards the contents of
the cell; a double layer of lipid molecules with carbohydrates
and proteins interspersed. Selectively semipermeable; acts as a
barrier. - ANSWER Cell Membrane
Determined primarily by the potassium equilibrium across the
membrane. In a typical neuron, its value is −70 mV. - ANSWER
Resting Membrane Potential
Why does the resting membrane potential tend to stay
negative? - ANSWER Resting membrane potential stays
negative because there is a steady, small potassium "leak". The
membranes do a better job of controlling resting permeability
to Na than to K. The sodium-potassium pump (Na+ K+ ATPase)
constantly pumps Na+ out in exchange for K+ in
,How does change in extracellular potassium (K) change the
RMP? - ANSWER Concentration gradient pulls K+ out of cell
and electrical gradient pulls K+ into cell.
The predominant homeostatic control mechanisms. Favors
stability. Ex: Blood pressure control, body temperature control,
body water balance (osmotic control), blood pH control,
appetite (feeding control) - ANSWER Negative feedback
systems
Produces a reaction that increases the original stimulus. Often,
these are associated with pathological processes, but they can
be physiologic. - ANSWER Positive feedback systems
What is an example of positive feedback? - ANSWER During
labor, the contraction of the uterus causes the release of a
hormone called oxytocin from the hypothalamus. Oxytocin
increases contraction frequency. Contractions then push the
baby down the birth canal and into the world. After birth,
oxytoxin acts to contract the expanded uterus in order to
minimize bleeding in the mother.
Equilibrium is a steady state (one of many), but in humans
typically associated with _______. - ANSWER Death
Decreased Cell Size (can be caused by disuse, denervation,
inadequate nutrition, ischemia). - ANSWER Atrophy
, Increase in Cell Size - ANSWER Hypertrophy
Increase in the *number* of cells. The mammary glands enlarge
during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal
_____. - ANSWER Hyperplasia
When one type of cell Is replaced by another type of cell (Ex:
GIRD/acid reflux). - ANSWER Metaplasia
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? - ANSWER
Metaplasia
Disordered cells, cells that have lost normal architectural
arrangement . - ANSWER Dysplasia
Refers to cell death and is usually from ischemic injury, which
usually follows loss of blood flow. - ANSWER Necrosis
Which cell component is capable of cellular auto-digestion
when it is released during cell injury? - ANSWER Lysosome
These are reactive molecules present in the environment and
generated by the body during inefficient mitochondrial
metabolism. - ANSWER "Free Radicals" AKA "Oxidants"
