The Life Span: Human Development
for Helping Professionals Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Functions of Emotions - ✔✔• Serve many purposes
• 'Trusty arsenal of survival skills'
• Means of communication
• Motivators of behavior
• Infants use emotion to communicate with caregiver
Sroufe's position on emotions - ✔✔• Emotions aren't fully formed at birth
• Emotions develop from undifferentiated responses into more differentiated ones,
finally into integrated emotional repertoire (aka orthogenetic)
• Early infant emotional expressions are considered precursors to more mature
emotions.
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,• Believed that infants lacked the cognitive ability needed to place meaning to
emotional experiences.
Emotional regulation - ✔✔• One of the cornerstones of emotional well-being and
positive adjustment throughout the life span.
• Strategies and behaviors we use to moderate our emotional experiences in order to
meet the demands of different situations or to achieve our goals.
• Example: Healthy people find ways to comfort themselves in difficult times, keeping
their distress from overwhelming.
• Poor emotional regulation in newborns
• Focused on parent-child relationships
• Integrated ideas from ethology, systems theory, cognitive development (Piaget's
works), and from psychoanalysis.
• Argued that some human infant behaviors help keep the mother close. Such
behaviors initiate the development of an attachment system that promotes the infant's
survival and creates a feeling of security.
• Believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early
childhood - ✔✔Bowlby
Ainsworth - ✔✔• Also focused on parent-child relationships and agreed with Bowlby.
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,• Her research enhanced the credibility of Bowlby's views.
• Babies actively help create an attachment system that protects them and provides a
foundation for later development.
Attachment Theory - ✔✔• The infant's connection with the primary caregiver is the first
attachment relationship.
• How it changes and what it means for the child's psychosocial life
• Attachment is a system, not a particular set of behaviors
What are the NY Longitudinal Study highlights? - ✔✔• Categorized 3 month old babies
• Difficult baby vs. easy baby
• Difficult baby- more fearful, more irritable, and more active = challenging to parent
• Easy baby- more positive, less active, more placid = easy to take care of.
• Nine traits observed: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability,
threshold, intensity, mood, distractibility, attention span and persistence.
Self-Concept - ✔✔• Beliefs about oneself
multi-dimensional
Begins to emerge in early elementary
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, Example: child may believe they are good in art if they are good with coloring, cutting,
drawing. - ✔✔Me-Self
Begins to form more abstract traitlike concepts to describe self. Example: "being smart"
"friendly"
Self-esteem may decline a little - ✔✔Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence
self-concept
Beginning of the looking glass - ✔✔shaping one's self-concepts based on one's
understanding of how others perceive them
Masculine approach to morality. Legalistic moral dilemmas - ✔✔Kohlberg: Morality of
Justice
Feminine approach to morality. Caring and nurturing approach. - ✔✔Gilligan: Morality
of Care
Moral Development - ✔✔Kohlberg-Heinz dilemma (Heinz's wife is ill and will die
without a certain medicine which Heinz can't afford)
Preconventional/Conventional/&Post conventional Level) 6 stages.
Kohlbergs Complex interweaving of three elements - ✔✔o Emotions
o Cognitions
100% Pass Guarantee Emilly Charllote, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
for Helping Professionals Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Functions of Emotions - ✔✔• Serve many purposes
• 'Trusty arsenal of survival skills'
• Means of communication
• Motivators of behavior
• Infants use emotion to communicate with caregiver
Sroufe's position on emotions - ✔✔• Emotions aren't fully formed at birth
• Emotions develop from undifferentiated responses into more differentiated ones,
finally into integrated emotional repertoire (aka orthogenetic)
• Early infant emotional expressions are considered precursors to more mature
emotions.
100% Pass Guarantee Emilly Charllote, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,• Believed that infants lacked the cognitive ability needed to place meaning to
emotional experiences.
Emotional regulation - ✔✔• One of the cornerstones of emotional well-being and
positive adjustment throughout the life span.
• Strategies and behaviors we use to moderate our emotional experiences in order to
meet the demands of different situations or to achieve our goals.
• Example: Healthy people find ways to comfort themselves in difficult times, keeping
their distress from overwhelming.
• Poor emotional regulation in newborns
• Focused on parent-child relationships
• Integrated ideas from ethology, systems theory, cognitive development (Piaget's
works), and from psychoanalysis.
• Argued that some human infant behaviors help keep the mother close. Such
behaviors initiate the development of an attachment system that promotes the infant's
survival and creates a feeling of security.
• Believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early
childhood - ✔✔Bowlby
Ainsworth - ✔✔• Also focused on parent-child relationships and agreed with Bowlby.
100% Pass Guarantee Emilly Charllote, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,• Her research enhanced the credibility of Bowlby's views.
• Babies actively help create an attachment system that protects them and provides a
foundation for later development.
Attachment Theory - ✔✔• The infant's connection with the primary caregiver is the first
attachment relationship.
• How it changes and what it means for the child's psychosocial life
• Attachment is a system, not a particular set of behaviors
What are the NY Longitudinal Study highlights? - ✔✔• Categorized 3 month old babies
• Difficult baby vs. easy baby
• Difficult baby- more fearful, more irritable, and more active = challenging to parent
• Easy baby- more positive, less active, more placid = easy to take care of.
• Nine traits observed: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability,
threshold, intensity, mood, distractibility, attention span and persistence.
Self-Concept - ✔✔• Beliefs about oneself
multi-dimensional
Begins to emerge in early elementary
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, Example: child may believe they are good in art if they are good with coloring, cutting,
drawing. - ✔✔Me-Self
Begins to form more abstract traitlike concepts to describe self. Example: "being smart"
"friendly"
Self-esteem may decline a little - ✔✔Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence
self-concept
Beginning of the looking glass - ✔✔shaping one's self-concepts based on one's
understanding of how others perceive them
Masculine approach to morality. Legalistic moral dilemmas - ✔✔Kohlberg: Morality of
Justice
Feminine approach to morality. Caring and nurturing approach. - ✔✔Gilligan: Morality
of Care
Moral Development - ✔✔Kohlberg-Heinz dilemma (Heinz's wife is ill and will die
without a certain medicine which Heinz can't afford)
Preconventional/Conventional/&Post conventional Level) 6 stages.
Kohlbergs Complex interweaving of three elements - ✔✔o Emotions
o Cognitions
100% Pass Guarantee Emilly Charllote, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
