Pharmacology for Nurses. A
Pathophysiologic Approach Adams -
Holland - Urban (Unit 1)
Pharmacology - ANS Study of medicine; how drugs are administered; where drugs travel in
the body,
Response that drugs produce.
drug - ANS A chemical substance that is taken to cause changes in a person's
body or behavior
medication - ANS A substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain.
biologics - ANS agents naturally produced in animal cells, in microorganisms, or by the
body itself
Mechanism of Action - ANS how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body
Bioavailability - ANS the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient
Therapeutic classification of drugs: - ANS Based on what the drug does clinically
Pharmacologic Classification - ANS Based on the drug's mechanism of action, or how the
drug produces its effect
Most Drugs have three names - ANS Chemical, Generic, Trade (CHEMICAL:
(1/2)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid; GENERIC: ibuprofen; TRADE: Motrin)
Generic vs. Trade-Name Drugs - ANS Trade name drugs with exclusive rights cost more.
When rights end, competing companies offer generic form cheaper
,prescription drugs - ANS Drugs legally available only with a physician's order.
Over the counter drugs (OTC) - ANS can be purchased without a prescription
Black Box Warnings - ANS One of the primary alerts for identifying
extreme adverse drug reactions discovered
during and after the review
process; 1997 FDA created "Black Box Warnings"
Contraindications - ANS factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
why should healthcare professionals be concerned about patients taking herbal medicines?
- ANS patients could be putting themselves at risk, potential herb-drug interactions
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) - ANS 1820; 1st comprehensive publication formulary used in
the U.S.; drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis.
USP and National Formulary (NF) - ANS 1852-1975, two drug standards in the US by the
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA). 1. USP - all drug products. 2. National
Formulary (NF) - pharmaceutical ingredients.
U.S. Pharacopoeia -National Formulary (USP-NF) - ANS 1975 merged into a single
publication
Biologic Control Act - ANS 1902 standardized serum and blood-related products
Pure Food and Drug Act - ANS 1906 - Established government control (FDA) for labeling
medicines
Shirley Amendment - ANS 1912 - Prohibited drugs labeled with false therapeutic
claims
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) and amendments - ANS 1938- Thorough testing of
drug; Proof of safety and efficacy of drug
, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994 - ANS 1994-Controls misleading
industry claims
Four Stages of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs - ANS 1. Preclinical
investigation (1-3 years, average 18months)
2. Clinical investigation (2-10 years; average 5 years)
3. Review of new drug application (NDA) (2 months -7 years, average 24 months)
4. Postmarketing surveillance (adverse reaction reporting; surveys/sampling/testing;
inspections)
Addiction - ANS The overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeated
Dependence - ANS A physiological or psychological need for a substance
Physical dependence - ANS An altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the
nervous system to repeated drug use.
Psychological dependence - ANS Few signs of physical discomfort when drug is withdrawn,
but intense compelling desire to continue drug use
Controlled Substances - ANS Are restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Have a high potential for addiction or dependence. Have restricted use.
Are placed into one of five schedules:
Schedule I drugs have the highest abuse potential,
Schedule V the lowest
Teratogenic Drug Classification - ANS Five categories of risk that a drug poses to
a fetus in the case of a pregnant woman
taking the drug. A, B, C, D, and X; Class A is the safest, while X poses the most danger to
the fetus.
Allergic Reactions - ANS a condition caused by an overreaction of the body's immune
system
Pathophysiologic Approach Adams -
Holland - Urban (Unit 1)
Pharmacology - ANS Study of medicine; how drugs are administered; where drugs travel in
the body,
Response that drugs produce.
drug - ANS A chemical substance that is taken to cause changes in a person's
body or behavior
medication - ANS A substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain.
biologics - ANS agents naturally produced in animal cells, in microorganisms, or by the
body itself
Mechanism of Action - ANS how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body
Bioavailability - ANS the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient
Therapeutic classification of drugs: - ANS Based on what the drug does clinically
Pharmacologic Classification - ANS Based on the drug's mechanism of action, or how the
drug produces its effect
Most Drugs have three names - ANS Chemical, Generic, Trade (CHEMICAL:
(1/2)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid; GENERIC: ibuprofen; TRADE: Motrin)
Generic vs. Trade-Name Drugs - ANS Trade name drugs with exclusive rights cost more.
When rights end, competing companies offer generic form cheaper
,prescription drugs - ANS Drugs legally available only with a physician's order.
Over the counter drugs (OTC) - ANS can be purchased without a prescription
Black Box Warnings - ANS One of the primary alerts for identifying
extreme adverse drug reactions discovered
during and after the review
process; 1997 FDA created "Black Box Warnings"
Contraindications - ANS factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
why should healthcare professionals be concerned about patients taking herbal medicines?
- ANS patients could be putting themselves at risk, potential herb-drug interactions
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) - ANS 1820; 1st comprehensive publication formulary used in
the U.S.; drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis.
USP and National Formulary (NF) - ANS 1852-1975, two drug standards in the US by the
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA). 1. USP - all drug products. 2. National
Formulary (NF) - pharmaceutical ingredients.
U.S. Pharacopoeia -National Formulary (USP-NF) - ANS 1975 merged into a single
publication
Biologic Control Act - ANS 1902 standardized serum and blood-related products
Pure Food and Drug Act - ANS 1906 - Established government control (FDA) for labeling
medicines
Shirley Amendment - ANS 1912 - Prohibited drugs labeled with false therapeutic
claims
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) and amendments - ANS 1938- Thorough testing of
drug; Proof of safety and efficacy of drug
, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994 - ANS 1994-Controls misleading
industry claims
Four Stages of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs - ANS 1. Preclinical
investigation (1-3 years, average 18months)
2. Clinical investigation (2-10 years; average 5 years)
3. Review of new drug application (NDA) (2 months -7 years, average 24 months)
4. Postmarketing surveillance (adverse reaction reporting; surveys/sampling/testing;
inspections)
Addiction - ANS The overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeated
Dependence - ANS A physiological or psychological need for a substance
Physical dependence - ANS An altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the
nervous system to repeated drug use.
Psychological dependence - ANS Few signs of physical discomfort when drug is withdrawn,
but intense compelling desire to continue drug use
Controlled Substances - ANS Are restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
Have a high potential for addiction or dependence. Have restricted use.
Are placed into one of five schedules:
Schedule I drugs have the highest abuse potential,
Schedule V the lowest
Teratogenic Drug Classification - ANS Five categories of risk that a drug poses to
a fetus in the case of a pregnant woman
taking the drug. A, B, C, D, and X; Class A is the safest, while X poses the most danger to
the fetus.
Allergic Reactions - ANS a condition caused by an overreaction of the body's immune
system
