HPEX 345 Exam 2 Review
what does it mean to have a non-communicable disease? correct
answersnot passed from person to person
not the direct result of microbial and viral invasion
NCD can result from a combination of . correct answersgenetic,
physiological, environmental, and behavior factors
NCDs are also known as . correct answerschronic diseases (tend to be
of long duration)
what are the main types of NCDs? correct answersCVD, cancers, respiratory
diseases (COPD, asthma) diabetes
how many deaths due to NCDs occur each year? correct answers41 million
(represents 71% of death globally)
how many yearly deaths from NCD are premature (between ages 30 &
69)? correct answers15 million
CVD is responsible for how many deaths per year? correct
answers17.9 million cancer is responsible for how many deaths per
year? correct answers9 million
respiratory diseases are responsible for how many deaths per year? correct
answers3.9 million
diabetes is responsible for how many deaths per year? correct answers1.6
million
what is a clinical/research intervention? correct answersstudy design that
examines the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest, often with
the purpose of improving health or well-being in humans
define "intervention". correct answersmedication, treatment, change
in behavior, something that is done to intervene in someone's health
(this is the independent variable)
Define "outcome of interest". correct answersoften body functions of
physiological functions, examples include glucose tolerance, body
composition, blood pressure, systolic function
(this is the dependent variable)
, a pharmacologic intervention is: correct answersuse of a medication or
drug to alter outcome of interest
a lifestyle intervention is: correct answersresearcher or participant guided
changes to behaviors in order to alter outcome of interest
a combined intervention is: correct answersmedication compared to
behavioral change in order to determine relative and/or combined efficacy
in altering outcome of interest
a primary intervention is: correct answersprevention of NCD in healthy or
pre-clinical population
a secondary intervention is: correct answerstreatment of existing NCD
symptoms and/or delayed progression of NCD
a tertiary intervention is: correct answerssimilar to secondary, however
population has comorbidities that must also be addressed along with NCD
outcome of interest
a control group is correct answersthe group in an experiment or study that
does not recieve treatment by the researchers and is then used as a
benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
a placebo is correct answersa harmless pill, medicine, or procedure
prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any
physiological effect
what does homogeneity of participants mean? correct answershow
similar are the participants
what is adherence? correct answersthe extent to which the clinical trial
participant's behavior coincides with the trial protocol in terms of keeping
clinic appointments, taking medication, and following the diet or
executing lifestyle chance
what is a subjective outcome? correct
answers what is an objective outcome?
correct answers
what is external validity? correct answers
describe an observational study design. correct
answers describe a cross-sectional study design.
correct answers describe a longitudinal study
design. correct answers describe qualitative.
correct answers
what does it mean to have a non-communicable disease? correct
answersnot passed from person to person
not the direct result of microbial and viral invasion
NCD can result from a combination of . correct answersgenetic,
physiological, environmental, and behavior factors
NCDs are also known as . correct answerschronic diseases (tend to be
of long duration)
what are the main types of NCDs? correct answersCVD, cancers, respiratory
diseases (COPD, asthma) diabetes
how many deaths due to NCDs occur each year? correct answers41 million
(represents 71% of death globally)
how many yearly deaths from NCD are premature (between ages 30 &
69)? correct answers15 million
CVD is responsible for how many deaths per year? correct
answers17.9 million cancer is responsible for how many deaths per
year? correct answers9 million
respiratory diseases are responsible for how many deaths per year? correct
answers3.9 million
diabetes is responsible for how many deaths per year? correct answers1.6
million
what is a clinical/research intervention? correct answersstudy design that
examines the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest, often with
the purpose of improving health or well-being in humans
define "intervention". correct answersmedication, treatment, change
in behavior, something that is done to intervene in someone's health
(this is the independent variable)
Define "outcome of interest". correct answersoften body functions of
physiological functions, examples include glucose tolerance, body
composition, blood pressure, systolic function
(this is the dependent variable)
, a pharmacologic intervention is: correct answersuse of a medication or
drug to alter outcome of interest
a lifestyle intervention is: correct answersresearcher or participant guided
changes to behaviors in order to alter outcome of interest
a combined intervention is: correct answersmedication compared to
behavioral change in order to determine relative and/or combined efficacy
in altering outcome of interest
a primary intervention is: correct answersprevention of NCD in healthy or
pre-clinical population
a secondary intervention is: correct answerstreatment of existing NCD
symptoms and/or delayed progression of NCD
a tertiary intervention is: correct answerssimilar to secondary, however
population has comorbidities that must also be addressed along with NCD
outcome of interest
a control group is correct answersthe group in an experiment or study that
does not recieve treatment by the researchers and is then used as a
benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
a placebo is correct answersa harmless pill, medicine, or procedure
prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any
physiological effect
what does homogeneity of participants mean? correct answershow
similar are the participants
what is adherence? correct answersthe extent to which the clinical trial
participant's behavior coincides with the trial protocol in terms of keeping
clinic appointments, taking medication, and following the diet or
executing lifestyle chance
what is a subjective outcome? correct
answers what is an objective outcome?
correct answers
what is external validity? correct answers
describe an observational study design. correct
answers describe a cross-sectional study design.
correct answers describe a longitudinal study
design. correct answers describe qualitative.
correct answers
