AGPCNP NU 621
Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question: Which of the following mechanisms is primarily
responsible for the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Increased insulin secretion \
B. Increased gluconeogenesis \
C. Decreased lipolysis \
D. Decreased glucagon levels
ANS: B. Increased gluconeogenesis \
©2025
, Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by
hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. Increased gluconeogenesis,
in the absence of insulin, leads to hyperglycemia.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The pathophysiology of congestive heart failure
includes the activation of the _______ system, which leads to
sodium and water retention.
ANS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone \
Rationale: The activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System (RAAS) leads to sodium and water retention,
contributing to the symptoms of congestive heart failure.
3. True/False
Question: Chronic inflammation can lead to the development
of cancer due to DNA damage from inflammatory mediators.
ANS: True \
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves the release of free
radicals and cytokines which can cause DNA damage and
contribute to carcinogenesis.
4. Multiple Response
©2025
, Question: Select all the mechanisms that can lead to secondary
hypertension. \
A. Chronic kidney disease \
B. Hyperthyroidism \
C. Primary aldosteronism \
D. Obesity
ANS: A, B, C \
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, and
primary aldosteronism can lead to secondary hypertension.
Obesity is typically a factor in primary hypertension.
5. Multiple Choice
Question: The primary pathophysiologic change in acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is: \
A. Pulmonary hypertension \
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage \
C. Airway hyperreactivity \
D. Chronic inflammation
ANS: B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage \
©2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question: Which of the following mechanisms is primarily
responsible for the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Increased insulin secretion \
B. Increased gluconeogenesis \
C. Decreased lipolysis \
D. Decreased glucagon levels
ANS: B. Increased gluconeogenesis \
©2025
, Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by
hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. Increased gluconeogenesis,
in the absence of insulin, leads to hyperglycemia.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The pathophysiology of congestive heart failure
includes the activation of the _______ system, which leads to
sodium and water retention.
ANS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone \
Rationale: The activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System (RAAS) leads to sodium and water retention,
contributing to the symptoms of congestive heart failure.
3. True/False
Question: Chronic inflammation can lead to the development
of cancer due to DNA damage from inflammatory mediators.
ANS: True \
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves the release of free
radicals and cytokines which can cause DNA damage and
contribute to carcinogenesis.
4. Multiple Response
©2025
, Question: Select all the mechanisms that can lead to secondary
hypertension. \
A. Chronic kidney disease \
B. Hyperthyroidism \
C. Primary aldosteronism \
D. Obesity
ANS: A, B, C \
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, and
primary aldosteronism can lead to secondary hypertension.
Obesity is typically a factor in primary hypertension.
5. Multiple Choice
Question: The primary pathophysiologic change in acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is: \
A. Pulmonary hypertension \
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage \
C. Airway hyperreactivity \
D. Chronic inflammation
ANS: B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage \
©2025
