AQA A level - Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds - ANS -Compounds that contain a chain of carbon atoms
Number of electrons in carbons outer shell - ANS -4 so can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon-Carbon bonds are... - ANS -non-polar and relatively strong
Empirical formula - ANS -the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound
molecular formula - ANS -a formula that tells us the actual number of atoms of each different
element in a compound
structural formula - ANS -a way of writing the formulas of an organic compound in which bonds
aren't shown but each carbon is written separately.
skeletal formula - ANS -a way of showing the structure of a complex molecule. only labels the
carbon and side groups.
nomenclature - ANS -the universal rules about naming compounds
why use nomenclature? - ANS -so all scientists use the same names and others can
understand what compounds they have used.
IUPAC ruling system - ANS -the way that the IUPAC has developed a naming convention that
chemists all follow.
side chains are shown by... - ANS -a prefix of the root of the longest carbon chain in the side
chain.
Alkanes general formula - ANS -CnH2n+2
Alkene FG - ANS -C=C double bond anywhere
alcohol FG - ANS --OH at end or on a branch
Aldehydes FG - ANS -- CHO at the end of the chain
ketones FG - ANS -- CO - carbonyl group in the middle of the chain
, Carboxylic acids FG - ANS -- COOH terminated the chain
Esther's FG - ANS -- COO - in the middle
Nitriles FG - ANS -C triple bonded to N terminates the chain
Alkynes FG - ANS -C triple bonded to C
Homologous series - ANS -a family of organic compounds with the same functional group, but
different carbon chain length.
Similar rules of homologous series? - ANS -have the same general formula and their formula
will differ from the next member of the series.
Isomers - ANS -molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their
atoms.
Structural Isomers - ANS -have the same molecular but different structural formulae.
positional isomers - ANS -have the same functional group but they are attached to the
hydrocarbon chain in different places.
functional group isomers - ANS -have the same molecular formula but arranged as different
functional groups
chain isomers - ANS -have the same molecular formula but the chain is arranged differently.
Alkane uses - ANS -fuels, lubricants and important in industry
Crude Oil - ANS -a mixture of lots of different alkanes and so they must be separated before
they can be used.
alkanes are.. - ANS -unreactive but release a lot of heat energy when burned.
Alkanes - ANS -saturated hydrocarbons and un-polar. they are held tigether by weak van der
waals forces.
hydrocarbon - ANS -a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
suffix for alkanes - ANS --ane
Methane - ANS -CH4
Ethane - ANS -C2H6
Organic compounds - ANS -Compounds that contain a chain of carbon atoms
Number of electrons in carbons outer shell - ANS -4 so can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon-Carbon bonds are... - ANS -non-polar and relatively strong
Empirical formula - ANS -the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound
molecular formula - ANS -a formula that tells us the actual number of atoms of each different
element in a compound
structural formula - ANS -a way of writing the formulas of an organic compound in which bonds
aren't shown but each carbon is written separately.
skeletal formula - ANS -a way of showing the structure of a complex molecule. only labels the
carbon and side groups.
nomenclature - ANS -the universal rules about naming compounds
why use nomenclature? - ANS -so all scientists use the same names and others can
understand what compounds they have used.
IUPAC ruling system - ANS -the way that the IUPAC has developed a naming convention that
chemists all follow.
side chains are shown by... - ANS -a prefix of the root of the longest carbon chain in the side
chain.
Alkanes general formula - ANS -CnH2n+2
Alkene FG - ANS -C=C double bond anywhere
alcohol FG - ANS --OH at end or on a branch
Aldehydes FG - ANS -- CHO at the end of the chain
ketones FG - ANS -- CO - carbonyl group in the middle of the chain
, Carboxylic acids FG - ANS -- COOH terminated the chain
Esther's FG - ANS -- COO - in the middle
Nitriles FG - ANS -C triple bonded to N terminates the chain
Alkynes FG - ANS -C triple bonded to C
Homologous series - ANS -a family of organic compounds with the same functional group, but
different carbon chain length.
Similar rules of homologous series? - ANS -have the same general formula and their formula
will differ from the next member of the series.
Isomers - ANS -molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their
atoms.
Structural Isomers - ANS -have the same molecular but different structural formulae.
positional isomers - ANS -have the same functional group but they are attached to the
hydrocarbon chain in different places.
functional group isomers - ANS -have the same molecular formula but arranged as different
functional groups
chain isomers - ANS -have the same molecular formula but the chain is arranged differently.
Alkane uses - ANS -fuels, lubricants and important in industry
Crude Oil - ANS -a mixture of lots of different alkanes and so they must be separated before
they can be used.
alkanes are.. - ANS -unreactive but release a lot of heat energy when burned.
Alkanes - ANS -saturated hydrocarbons and un-polar. they are held tigether by weak van der
waals forces.
hydrocarbon - ANS -a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
suffix for alkanes - ANS --ane
Methane - ANS -CH4
Ethane - ANS -C2H6
