NUR 445
NUR 445 Final Exam Study Guide Questions
with Correct Detailed Answers 2025
What medication is used to decrease ICP? -Correct Answer ✔Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
-reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain
barrier [BBB] and increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain cells and shifts it
into the intravascular compartment)
What medication would you plan on administering to a patient who is experiencing
bradycardia or heart block? -Correct Answer ✔Atropine
-administer over 1 minute
-therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
-rapid administration may be used during cardiac resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline
flush)
A patient suffering from a hypertensive crisis enters the ED. What medication is used to
treat this emergent situation? -Correct Answer ✔Nitroprusside
-arteriole vasodilator
-rapidly lowers BP
-decreases preload and afterload
What is clonidine used for? -Correct Answer ✔lowering of BP
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be lowered quickly
What medication prevents the absorption of ammonia from the GI tract in order to treat
hepatic encephalopathy? -Correct Answer ✔Lactulose
-expect more frequent bowel movements
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation and improved mental status (24-
48 hours after oral administration)
Under what condition would you administer tPA? -Correct Answer ✔patient that is
suffering from an ischemic stroke
What is mutual support? -Correct Answer ✔assisting others
providing feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
What is the difference between formal and informal feedback? -Correct Answer
✔Formal should be retrospective and scheduled in advance
NUR 445
, NUR 445
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
Explain the phenomenon of alarm fatigue -Correct Answer ✔Frequency of alarms
becomes overwhelming, resulting in delayed response to alarms and deliberate alarm
deactivation which may impact patient safety
What is the purpose of palliative care? -Correct Answer ✔nursing and medical
treatments are combined with control of pain and symptoms
What is the CUS method of advocacy? -Correct Answer ✔I am concerned
I am uncomfortable
This is a safety issue
What does DESC stand for? -Correct Answer ✔Describe the situation
Express what you think and feel
Suggest a solution
Consequences if no changes
What is the normal rate of the SA node, AV node, and ventricular rate? -Correct Answer
✔SA = 60-100
AV = 40-60
Ventricular = 20-40
What is the normal length of a P wave, QRS complex, and QT interval? -Correct
Answer ✔P = 0.12-0.20 sec
QRS = ≤ 0.12 sec
QT = 0.32-0.40 sec
What nursing care should be provided to a patient with PACs? -Correct Answer
✔Nothing unless symptomatic
beta blocker, CCB
What are the causes of asystole? -Correct Answer ✔Hs & Ts
Hypovolemia, hypoxemia, hypo/hyperkalemia
Tension pneumo, tamponade, thrombosis
What are treatments for asystole? -Correct Answer ✔Epi and CPR/ACLS
-Unable to shock because no electrical activity
How do we treat Vtach? -Correct Answer ✔defibrillation and/or amiodarone
NUR 445
NUR 445 Final Exam Study Guide Questions
with Correct Detailed Answers 2025
What medication is used to decrease ICP? -Correct Answer ✔Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
-reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain
barrier [BBB] and increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain cells and shifts it
into the intravascular compartment)
What medication would you plan on administering to a patient who is experiencing
bradycardia or heart block? -Correct Answer ✔Atropine
-administer over 1 minute
-therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
-rapid administration may be used during cardiac resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline
flush)
A patient suffering from a hypertensive crisis enters the ED. What medication is used to
treat this emergent situation? -Correct Answer ✔Nitroprusside
-arteriole vasodilator
-rapidly lowers BP
-decreases preload and afterload
What is clonidine used for? -Correct Answer ✔lowering of BP
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be lowered quickly
What medication prevents the absorption of ammonia from the GI tract in order to treat
hepatic encephalopathy? -Correct Answer ✔Lactulose
-expect more frequent bowel movements
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation and improved mental status (24-
48 hours after oral administration)
Under what condition would you administer tPA? -Correct Answer ✔patient that is
suffering from an ischemic stroke
What is mutual support? -Correct Answer ✔assisting others
providing feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
What is the difference between formal and informal feedback? -Correct Answer
✔Formal should be retrospective and scheduled in advance
NUR 445
, NUR 445
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
Explain the phenomenon of alarm fatigue -Correct Answer ✔Frequency of alarms
becomes overwhelming, resulting in delayed response to alarms and deliberate alarm
deactivation which may impact patient safety
What is the purpose of palliative care? -Correct Answer ✔nursing and medical
treatments are combined with control of pain and symptoms
What is the CUS method of advocacy? -Correct Answer ✔I am concerned
I am uncomfortable
This is a safety issue
What does DESC stand for? -Correct Answer ✔Describe the situation
Express what you think and feel
Suggest a solution
Consequences if no changes
What is the normal rate of the SA node, AV node, and ventricular rate? -Correct Answer
✔SA = 60-100
AV = 40-60
Ventricular = 20-40
What is the normal length of a P wave, QRS complex, and QT interval? -Correct
Answer ✔P = 0.12-0.20 sec
QRS = ≤ 0.12 sec
QT = 0.32-0.40 sec
What nursing care should be provided to a patient with PACs? -Correct Answer
✔Nothing unless symptomatic
beta blocker, CCB
What are the causes of asystole? -Correct Answer ✔Hs & Ts
Hypovolemia, hypoxemia, hypo/hyperkalemia
Tension pneumo, tamponade, thrombosis
What are treatments for asystole? -Correct Answer ✔Epi and CPR/ACLS
-Unable to shock because no electrical activity
How do we treat Vtach? -Correct Answer ✔defibrillation and/or amiodarone
NUR 445
