AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER
2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Give one reason why schema's are useful? - (correct answer) -When we're in
unknown situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when we do
not know what to do our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to
process situations better.
Give one reason why schema's are not useful? - (correct answer) -schemas
may exclude information which doesn't conform to our prior expectations. As
a result, we may form stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if
new,disputing information is presented. This means we may not be
processing the world around us accurately and may misjudge or represent a
person or situation.
Discuss the defense mechanism shown by Jed? - (correct answer) -
Displacement is when we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else
because it is not appropriate to express their feeling towards the person or
object in question. Jed can't take his frustration out on his teacher, who
issued the detention and he displaced his feelings by kicking the locker.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach,
(A01 Behaviourist) - (correct answer) -The behaviourist approach suggests
that the basic processes that govern learning in all species are the same. We
learn through two concepts: operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (classical conditioning) - (correct answer) -The idea of
classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov who found that we learn
through association. He found that it was possible to condition dogs to
associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the dogs producing a
salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was present.
Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned
and uncontrollable behaviour.
, Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (operant conditioning) - (correct answer) -Skinner
suggested behaviour resulted from learning through the consequences of our
actions. He conducted research into operant conditioning theory using rats,
and found that three types of consequences will affect behaviour: positive
reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases it being
repeated; negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome
to increase it being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant
outcome,reducing the behaviour.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (similarity to biological) - (correct answer) -Both the
behaviourist approach and biological approach share a similarity in being
determinist. Both ignore the influence that the person can have and whether
they have free will and can make their own choices in these decisions.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (difference) - (correct answer) -However, they differ in
that the behaviourist approach is environmentally determinist while the
biological approach is biologically determinist. Stating that behaviour is the
product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is
determined by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response
associations
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach (similarity) - (correct answer) -Both approaches take a
nomothetic approach when studying human behaviour. Both investigate
behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to all human beings.
Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share similar
physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all
behaviour is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations.
Therefore, the aim of generating universal laws that apply to all humans is
another similarity between the behaviourist and biological approaches.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach (nature + nurture) - (correct answer) -the behaviourist
approach and biological approach are different in their position on the
nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly on the nurture side of
the debate, and that human beings are blank slates and that all behaviour is
learned. Biological psychologists argue a nature-based view of behaviour.
2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Give one reason why schema's are useful? - (correct answer) -When we're in
unknown situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when we do
not know what to do our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to
process situations better.
Give one reason why schema's are not useful? - (correct answer) -schemas
may exclude information which doesn't conform to our prior expectations. As
a result, we may form stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if
new,disputing information is presented. This means we may not be
processing the world around us accurately and may misjudge or represent a
person or situation.
Discuss the defense mechanism shown by Jed? - (correct answer) -
Displacement is when we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else
because it is not appropriate to express their feeling towards the person or
object in question. Jed can't take his frustration out on his teacher, who
issued the detention and he displaced his feelings by kicking the locker.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach,
(A01 Behaviourist) - (correct answer) -The behaviourist approach suggests
that the basic processes that govern learning in all species are the same. We
learn through two concepts: operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (classical conditioning) - (correct answer) -The idea of
classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov who found that we learn
through association. He found that it was possible to condition dogs to
associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the dogs producing a
salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was present.
Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned
and uncontrollable behaviour.
, Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (operant conditioning) - (correct answer) -Skinner
suggested behaviour resulted from learning through the consequences of our
actions. He conducted research into operant conditioning theory using rats,
and found that three types of consequences will affect behaviour: positive
reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases it being
repeated; negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome
to increase it being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant
outcome,reducing the behaviour.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (similarity to biological) - (correct answer) -Both the
behaviourist approach and biological approach share a similarity in being
determinist. Both ignore the influence that the person can have and whether
they have free will and can make their own choices in these decisions.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach, (difference) - (correct answer) -However, they differ in
that the behaviourist approach is environmentally determinist while the
biological approach is biologically determinist. Stating that behaviour is the
product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is
determined by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response
associations
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach (similarity) - (correct answer) -Both approaches take a
nomothetic approach when studying human behaviour. Both investigate
behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to all human beings.
Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share similar
physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all
behaviour is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations.
Therefore, the aim of generating universal laws that apply to all humans is
another similarity between the behaviourist and biological approaches.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the
biological approach (nature + nurture) - (correct answer) -the behaviourist
approach and biological approach are different in their position on the
nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly on the nurture side of
the debate, and that human beings are blank slates and that all behaviour is
learned. Biological psychologists argue a nature-based view of behaviour.
