APEA-UROLOGY EXAM UPDATED 2025 WITH QUESTIONS
AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of race or
diabetes status, the initial recommended therapy for hypertension to
improve kidney outcomes is:
aldosterone antagonists.
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers. VERIFIED ANSWER angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors.
A 48-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension, and renal
insufficiency is taking an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). ARBs act
by:
blocking the receptor sites of angiotensinogen in the liver.
blocking the angiotensin I receptors in the cardiomyocytes and
fibroblasts.
inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II to angiotensin I receptor sites on
vascular smooth muscles.
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, blocking the
renin-angiotensin system. VERIFIED ANSWER inhibiting the binding
of angiotensin II to angiotensin I receptor sites on vascular smooth
muscles.
Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), are a preferred choice
in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis because they:
,have daily dosing regimens.
are less likely to result in antimicrobial resistance.
are effective in 3-day treatment regimens.
produce high concentrations in the renal medulla. VERIFIED ANSWER
produce high concentrations in the renal medulla.
Patients receiving thiazide diuretics should be monitored for
hypokalemia and:
hyperuricemia.
hypermagnesemia.
hypernatremia.
hypocalcemia. VERIFIED ANSWER hyperuricemia.
Extreme caution should be exercised when administering imipramine
(Tofranil) to a child with:
ataxia.
enuresis.
hypothyroidism.
epilepsy. VERIFIED ANSWER epilepsy.
imipramine shown to lower seizure threshold
In the treatment of urge incontinence, anticholinergics relax smooth
muscles in the bladder by:
,blocking alpha adrenergic receptors.
interfering with the release of potassium.
inhibiting muscarinic activity of acetylcholine.
interfering with the release of calcium. VERIFIED ANSWER inhibiting
muscarinic activity of acetylcholine.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) used in the treatment of nocturnal
enuresis should be avoided in patients with:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
bradycardia.
diabetes.
hyponatremia. VERIFIED ANSWER hyponatremia.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), used to treat nocturnal enuresis,:
decreases peripheral vascular resistance and urinary output.
decreases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and
collecting duct cells in the kidneys.
increases sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle and
decreases permeability of urea and osmolality.
increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts and results in
an increased urine osmolality. VERIFIED ANSWER increases water
reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts and results in an increased
urine osmolality.
, In the case of non-gonococcal urethritis, the patient should be treated
with:
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally.
ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250 mg orally.
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally plus ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250
mg intramuscularly.
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally plus doxycycline (Doryx) 100
mg. VERIFIED ANSWER azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally.
in a single dose OR doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 7 days
Which of the following medications is NOT recommended in the
treatment of acute pyelonephritis?
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Nitrofurantoin
Sulfonamides VERIFIED ANSWER Nitrofurantoin
poor tissue concentrations in t he renal parenchyma
When using ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for the treatment of urinary tract
infections (UTIs), the patient should be monitored for:
anorexia and vomiting.
blurred vision and urinary retention.
tendinitis and tendon rupture.
AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of race or
diabetes status, the initial recommended therapy for hypertension to
improve kidney outcomes is:
aldosterone antagonists.
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers. VERIFIED ANSWER angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors.
A 48-year-old patient with diabetes, hypertension, and renal
insufficiency is taking an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). ARBs act
by:
blocking the receptor sites of angiotensinogen in the liver.
blocking the angiotensin I receptors in the cardiomyocytes and
fibroblasts.
inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II to angiotensin I receptor sites on
vascular smooth muscles.
inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, blocking the
renin-angiotensin system. VERIFIED ANSWER inhibiting the binding
of angiotensin II to angiotensin I receptor sites on vascular smooth
muscles.
Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), are a preferred choice
in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis because they:
,have daily dosing regimens.
are less likely to result in antimicrobial resistance.
are effective in 3-day treatment regimens.
produce high concentrations in the renal medulla. VERIFIED ANSWER
produce high concentrations in the renal medulla.
Patients receiving thiazide diuretics should be monitored for
hypokalemia and:
hyperuricemia.
hypermagnesemia.
hypernatremia.
hypocalcemia. VERIFIED ANSWER hyperuricemia.
Extreme caution should be exercised when administering imipramine
(Tofranil) to a child with:
ataxia.
enuresis.
hypothyroidism.
epilepsy. VERIFIED ANSWER epilepsy.
imipramine shown to lower seizure threshold
In the treatment of urge incontinence, anticholinergics relax smooth
muscles in the bladder by:
,blocking alpha adrenergic receptors.
interfering with the release of potassium.
inhibiting muscarinic activity of acetylcholine.
interfering with the release of calcium. VERIFIED ANSWER inhibiting
muscarinic activity of acetylcholine.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) used in the treatment of nocturnal
enuresis should be avoided in patients with:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
bradycardia.
diabetes.
hyponatremia. VERIFIED ANSWER hyponatremia.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), used to treat nocturnal enuresis,:
decreases peripheral vascular resistance and urinary output.
decreases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and
collecting duct cells in the kidneys.
increases sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle and
decreases permeability of urea and osmolality.
increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts and results in
an increased urine osmolality. VERIFIED ANSWER increases water
reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts and results in an increased
urine osmolality.
, In the case of non-gonococcal urethritis, the patient should be treated
with:
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally.
ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250 mg orally.
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally plus ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250
mg intramuscularly.
azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally plus doxycycline (Doryx) 100
mg. VERIFIED ANSWER azithromycin (Zithromax) 1 gram orally.
in a single dose OR doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 7 days
Which of the following medications is NOT recommended in the
treatment of acute pyelonephritis?
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Nitrofurantoin
Sulfonamides VERIFIED ANSWER Nitrofurantoin
poor tissue concentrations in t he renal parenchyma
When using ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for the treatment of urinary tract
infections (UTIs), the patient should be monitored for:
anorexia and vomiting.
blurred vision and urinary retention.
tendinitis and tendon rupture.
