CH 17
1. respiratory system functions
- exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
- homeostatic regulation of body pH
- protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
- vocalization
- water and heat loss
- 75m²
- 15 breaths/ minute
- external respiration: the movement of gases between the environment
and body’s cells can be divided in 4 processes
★ exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs = ventilation
- inspiration: movement of air into the lungs
- expiration: movement of air out of the lungs
- resemblance cardiovascular system
→ flow from regions of higher to lower pressure
→ muscular pump creates pressure gradients
longen geen spier; belangrijkste spier is de diafragma voor de ademhaling (druk gradiënt
gecreëerd wordt voor in en uit te ademen met de atmosfeer)
→ resistance to flow
- diameter of tubes (airways)
- compliance (stretch ability)
→ met welk gemak de longen kunnen uitrekken ; roken? meer weerstand bij stroming
- air and blood are both fluids; difference: air is less viscous
- difference
→ air is compressible; blood is not
→ open vs. closed: CVS (cardiovasculaire systeem); open: wij in contact met omgeving en
constante uitwisseling met de buitenwereld en wij
- cellular internal respiration: intracellular reaction of O2
→ formation CO2; water; energy (ATP)
- external respiration: movement of gases between the environment and the body
→ atmosphere - lungs: ventilation or breathing; inspiration and expiration
→ exchange O2 en CO2 lungs - blood
→ transport O2 en CO2
→ exchange of gases between blood- cells (capillairen)
2. respiratory system components
- conducting system = airways
- lungs containing alveoli
- bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen
,→ upper respiratory system: mouth; nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx
→ lower respiratory system: trachea; bronchi; lungs
- thorax is bounded by the bones of the spine and rib cage and muscles
- the bones and muscles= thoracic cage; ribs and spine: side and top of cage
- diaphragm forms the floor
- intercostal muscles connect 12 pairs of ribs
- sternocleidomastoid and scalenes: run from head of the neck to the sternum and first
two ribs
- thorax: sealed container filled with 3 bags
★ pericardial sac: contains the heart
★ other two bags: pleural sacs: each surround a lungùesophagus and thoracic blood
vessels and nerves pass between the pleural sacs
- air passes through the upper respiratory tract through the mouth and nose and
passes into the pharynx (passageway for food; liquids; air); then afterwards its goes
to the larynx into the trachea (windpipe)
- Larynx contains the vocal cords:
connective tissue bands that vibrate and tighten to create sound when air passes them
- Trachea is semi-flexible tube: held open by 15-20 C shaped cartilage
rings and contains
- it extends down into the thorax; where it branches into a pair of primary bronchi (one
bronchus to each lung); within the lungs the bronchi begins to get smaller and
smaller bronchi
- Trachea branches into a pair of primary bronchi: semi rigid tubes supported by
cartilage
- within the lungs; smallest bronchi branch become bronchioles (diameter becomes
very small); individual airways get narrower; numbers increase geometrically
- velocity of air flow is greatest in the upper airways and lowest in terminal bronchioles
pleurale zakjes rond long: een deel aan long en aan rib plakt
* visceraal aan longen
* parietaal aan de ribben
- zit vloeistof in met verschillende drukverschil voor in en uit te ademen
- beetje vocht tussen structuren zal de ademhaling vergemakkelijken
- each membrane consists of several layers of elastic tissue and numerous capillaries
- each sac contains 25-30mL of pleural fluid
FUNCTIE:
→ Creates moist, slippery surface so the pleural and visceral membrane can slide across
each other with the movement of the lungs
→ Holds the lungs against the thoracic wall (too strong cohesion of the fluid)
- semi rigid conducting airways (bronchi) connect the lungs to the main airway; the
trachea
- each lung in-s surrounded by a double walled pleural sac whose membranes line the
inside of the thorax anc-d cover the outer surface of the lungs
, - each pleural membrane (pleura): contains several layers of elastic connective tissue;
they are held together by a thin film of pleural fluid (tot V: 25-30mL)
- fluid makes the lungs stick to the thoracic cage and holds them stretched in an
inflated state; even at rest
- mucus layer traps inhaled particles; watery saline layer allows cilia to push mucus to
pharynx; goblet cells secrete mucus
3. conditioning air
- warming air to body temperature
→ prevents drop in core temperature
→ ait in trachea 37°C
→ nose vs. mouth: lucht binnen (10°) bevochtigd en opgewarmd worden tot 37°
→ so that core body T does not change and alveoli are not damaged by cold air
- adding water vapor
→ 100% humid air in trachea: moist exchange epithelium does not dry out
★ droge keel: lucht die binnenkomt ook vochtig gemaakt moet worden
- filtering out foreign material
→ trachea- bronchi- …
→ ciliated (zweep beweging) epithelium bathed in saline covered with mucus
→ muco- ciliatory escalator
→ viruses; bacteria do not reach the alveoli
- inhaled air is warmed by the body’s heat and moistened by water evaporating from
mucosal lining of the airways
- breathing through mouth; nor nearly as effective alt warming and moistening air
- exercise outdoors: very cold weather; ache in chest pain that results from breathing
cold air through your mouth
- air is filtered both in trachea and bronchi; are lined with ciliated epithelium; cilia
bathed in lial cells when CL- secreted into the lumen by apical anion channels draws
Na+ into the lumen through paracellular pathway
- movement of solute from ECF to the lumen creates an osmotic gradient and water
follows the ions into the airways
4. cystic fibrose (mucoviscidose-taaislijmziekte)
- Inadequate ion synthesis decreases fluid movement in the airways/malfunctioning
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) channel
→ without the saline layer; cilia become trapped in the mucus
→ bacteria colonize in it; foreign materials zitten er ook nog in; voortplanten en herhaalde
longinfecties
→ recurrent lung infection
→ CFTR: malfunction causes cystic fibrosis; anion channels found op apical surface
→ mucus layer is secreted by goblet cells
→ cilia beat with upward motion that moves the mucus toward the pharynx → mucociliary
escalator
→ mucus contains Ig that disable pathogens
→ once mucus reaches the pharynx; it can be spit out or swallowed
1. respiratory system functions
- exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
- homeostatic regulation of body pH
- protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
- vocalization
- water and heat loss
- 75m²
- 15 breaths/ minute
- external respiration: the movement of gases between the environment
and body’s cells can be divided in 4 processes
★ exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs = ventilation
- inspiration: movement of air into the lungs
- expiration: movement of air out of the lungs
- resemblance cardiovascular system
→ flow from regions of higher to lower pressure
→ muscular pump creates pressure gradients
longen geen spier; belangrijkste spier is de diafragma voor de ademhaling (druk gradiënt
gecreëerd wordt voor in en uit te ademen met de atmosfeer)
→ resistance to flow
- diameter of tubes (airways)
- compliance (stretch ability)
→ met welk gemak de longen kunnen uitrekken ; roken? meer weerstand bij stroming
- air and blood are both fluids; difference: air is less viscous
- difference
→ air is compressible; blood is not
→ open vs. closed: CVS (cardiovasculaire systeem); open: wij in contact met omgeving en
constante uitwisseling met de buitenwereld en wij
- cellular internal respiration: intracellular reaction of O2
→ formation CO2; water; energy (ATP)
- external respiration: movement of gases between the environment and the body
→ atmosphere - lungs: ventilation or breathing; inspiration and expiration
→ exchange O2 en CO2 lungs - blood
→ transport O2 en CO2
→ exchange of gases between blood- cells (capillairen)
2. respiratory system components
- conducting system = airways
- lungs containing alveoli
- bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen
,→ upper respiratory system: mouth; nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx
→ lower respiratory system: trachea; bronchi; lungs
- thorax is bounded by the bones of the spine and rib cage and muscles
- the bones and muscles= thoracic cage; ribs and spine: side and top of cage
- diaphragm forms the floor
- intercostal muscles connect 12 pairs of ribs
- sternocleidomastoid and scalenes: run from head of the neck to the sternum and first
two ribs
- thorax: sealed container filled with 3 bags
★ pericardial sac: contains the heart
★ other two bags: pleural sacs: each surround a lungùesophagus and thoracic blood
vessels and nerves pass between the pleural sacs
- air passes through the upper respiratory tract through the mouth and nose and
passes into the pharynx (passageway for food; liquids; air); then afterwards its goes
to the larynx into the trachea (windpipe)
- Larynx contains the vocal cords:
connective tissue bands that vibrate and tighten to create sound when air passes them
- Trachea is semi-flexible tube: held open by 15-20 C shaped cartilage
rings and contains
- it extends down into the thorax; where it branches into a pair of primary bronchi (one
bronchus to each lung); within the lungs the bronchi begins to get smaller and
smaller bronchi
- Trachea branches into a pair of primary bronchi: semi rigid tubes supported by
cartilage
- within the lungs; smallest bronchi branch become bronchioles (diameter becomes
very small); individual airways get narrower; numbers increase geometrically
- velocity of air flow is greatest in the upper airways and lowest in terminal bronchioles
pleurale zakjes rond long: een deel aan long en aan rib plakt
* visceraal aan longen
* parietaal aan de ribben
- zit vloeistof in met verschillende drukverschil voor in en uit te ademen
- beetje vocht tussen structuren zal de ademhaling vergemakkelijken
- each membrane consists of several layers of elastic tissue and numerous capillaries
- each sac contains 25-30mL of pleural fluid
FUNCTIE:
→ Creates moist, slippery surface so the pleural and visceral membrane can slide across
each other with the movement of the lungs
→ Holds the lungs against the thoracic wall (too strong cohesion of the fluid)
- semi rigid conducting airways (bronchi) connect the lungs to the main airway; the
trachea
- each lung in-s surrounded by a double walled pleural sac whose membranes line the
inside of the thorax anc-d cover the outer surface of the lungs
, - each pleural membrane (pleura): contains several layers of elastic connective tissue;
they are held together by a thin film of pleural fluid (tot V: 25-30mL)
- fluid makes the lungs stick to the thoracic cage and holds them stretched in an
inflated state; even at rest
- mucus layer traps inhaled particles; watery saline layer allows cilia to push mucus to
pharynx; goblet cells secrete mucus
3. conditioning air
- warming air to body temperature
→ prevents drop in core temperature
→ ait in trachea 37°C
→ nose vs. mouth: lucht binnen (10°) bevochtigd en opgewarmd worden tot 37°
→ so that core body T does not change and alveoli are not damaged by cold air
- adding water vapor
→ 100% humid air in trachea: moist exchange epithelium does not dry out
★ droge keel: lucht die binnenkomt ook vochtig gemaakt moet worden
- filtering out foreign material
→ trachea- bronchi- …
→ ciliated (zweep beweging) epithelium bathed in saline covered with mucus
→ muco- ciliatory escalator
→ viruses; bacteria do not reach the alveoli
- inhaled air is warmed by the body’s heat and moistened by water evaporating from
mucosal lining of the airways
- breathing through mouth; nor nearly as effective alt warming and moistening air
- exercise outdoors: very cold weather; ache in chest pain that results from breathing
cold air through your mouth
- air is filtered both in trachea and bronchi; are lined with ciliated epithelium; cilia
bathed in lial cells when CL- secreted into the lumen by apical anion channels draws
Na+ into the lumen through paracellular pathway
- movement of solute from ECF to the lumen creates an osmotic gradient and water
follows the ions into the airways
4. cystic fibrose (mucoviscidose-taaislijmziekte)
- Inadequate ion synthesis decreases fluid movement in the airways/malfunctioning
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) channel
→ without the saline layer; cilia become trapped in the mucus
→ bacteria colonize in it; foreign materials zitten er ook nog in; voortplanten en herhaalde
longinfecties
→ recurrent lung infection
→ CFTR: malfunction causes cystic fibrosis; anion channels found op apical surface
→ mucus layer is secreted by goblet cells
→ cilia beat with upward motion that moves the mucus toward the pharynx → mucociliary
escalator
→ mucus contains Ig that disable pathogens
→ once mucus reaches the pharynx; it can be spit out or swallowed
