HUN 3224- EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Food intolerances - ANSWER-Destroy shape of enterocytes/destroy microvilli due to
inflammation; absence of microvilli causes malabsorption and gas
Microvilli - ANSWER-Regenerate every few days; receptors for nutrients on microvilli;
digestion of nutrients usually completed on brush border
Pancreas - ANSWER-Acini tissue and Islet tissue
Acini Tissue - ANSWER-Secrete enzymes into the GI tract; Contains zymogens,
pancreatic lipase/amylase
Zymogens - ANSWER-Inactive enzyme that breaks down protein when activated (alpha
protease)
Islet Tissue - ANSWER-Secrete hormones into the blood. Beta (insulin), alpha
(glucagon), delta (somatostatin). Not connected to GI
Liver - ANSWER-Makes bile thats stored in the gallbladder; without gallbladder bile
moves to small intestine and is reabsorped into ileum via enterohepatic circulation back
to the liver; site of urea synthesis; makes plasma proteins (transport proteins);
Metabolizes drugs, alcohol, and other toxins
Bile - ANSWER-Made in hepatocytes of liver from cholesterol, stored in gallbladder,
reabsorbed into the ileum and sent back to liver
Plasma proteins (made in liver) - ANSWER-Albumin and transferrin, lipoproteins
Albumin - ANSWER-Controls osmotic pressure; without this, edema may occur
Transferrin - ANSWER-Transports iron
Lipoproteins - ANSWER-5 types (VLDL,HDL,IDL,LDL,chylomicron); carry various
lipid/cholesterol components to tissues.
Vascular System - ANSWER-Carries nutrients in blood to liver and then disperses it to
the body via enterohepatic circulation. Everything we eat goes to the liver which decides
if we need it or not.
Lymph System - ANSWER-Exogenous lipid transport; carries the fat that we consume
, Carbohydrate types - ANSWER-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides,
Oligosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose. All three can make
the same amount of energy in glycolysis
Glucose - ANSWER-Most abundant monosaccharide; blood sugar means blood
glucose levels
Fructose - ANSWER-5- member ring with 6 carbons
Disaccharides - ANSWER-Formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides via
dehydration reaction
Glucose+Glucose=Maltose
Glucose+Fructose=Sucrose
Glucose+Galactose= Lactose
HFCS= 45% glucose, 55% fructose
Oligosaccharides - ANSWER-3-10 monosaccharides held together by alpha/beta
bonds; found in beans, peas, and whole grains; hard to digest without good gut flora;
Examples of oligosaccharides - ANSWER-Raffinose (Glu-Gal-Fruc) and Sachyose (Gal-
Gal-Glu-Fruc)
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Starch and Glycogen
Starch - ANSWER-Storage form of carbohydrates in plants; types (amylose and
amylopectin); in whole grains and look similar to glycogen
Glycogen - ANSWER-Storage form of carbs in humans; highly branched; energy source
Fiber - ANSWER-Non-digestible plant polysaccharides; dietary fiber and functional fiber
Dietary Fiber - ANSWER-Found intact and intrinsic in plants
Functional fiber - ANSWER-Has been isolated, extracted or manufactured and have
beneficial effects
Insoluble fiber - ANSWER-Doesn't dissolve in water; increases fecal bulk; example:
grape nuts; decreased travel time. Ligans, cellulose, hemicellulose
Soluble fiber - ANSWER-Dissolves in water; example: oatmeal; pectin, hemicellulose,
gums; increased travel time
Fiber is Fermented by... - ANSWER-Bacteria in colon
CORRECT ANSWERS
Food intolerances - ANSWER-Destroy shape of enterocytes/destroy microvilli due to
inflammation; absence of microvilli causes malabsorption and gas
Microvilli - ANSWER-Regenerate every few days; receptors for nutrients on microvilli;
digestion of nutrients usually completed on brush border
Pancreas - ANSWER-Acini tissue and Islet tissue
Acini Tissue - ANSWER-Secrete enzymes into the GI tract; Contains zymogens,
pancreatic lipase/amylase
Zymogens - ANSWER-Inactive enzyme that breaks down protein when activated (alpha
protease)
Islet Tissue - ANSWER-Secrete hormones into the blood. Beta (insulin), alpha
(glucagon), delta (somatostatin). Not connected to GI
Liver - ANSWER-Makes bile thats stored in the gallbladder; without gallbladder bile
moves to small intestine and is reabsorped into ileum via enterohepatic circulation back
to the liver; site of urea synthesis; makes plasma proteins (transport proteins);
Metabolizes drugs, alcohol, and other toxins
Bile - ANSWER-Made in hepatocytes of liver from cholesterol, stored in gallbladder,
reabsorbed into the ileum and sent back to liver
Plasma proteins (made in liver) - ANSWER-Albumin and transferrin, lipoproteins
Albumin - ANSWER-Controls osmotic pressure; without this, edema may occur
Transferrin - ANSWER-Transports iron
Lipoproteins - ANSWER-5 types (VLDL,HDL,IDL,LDL,chylomicron); carry various
lipid/cholesterol components to tissues.
Vascular System - ANSWER-Carries nutrients in blood to liver and then disperses it to
the body via enterohepatic circulation. Everything we eat goes to the liver which decides
if we need it or not.
Lymph System - ANSWER-Exogenous lipid transport; carries the fat that we consume
, Carbohydrate types - ANSWER-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides,
Oligosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWER-Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose. All three can make
the same amount of energy in glycolysis
Glucose - ANSWER-Most abundant monosaccharide; blood sugar means blood
glucose levels
Fructose - ANSWER-5- member ring with 6 carbons
Disaccharides - ANSWER-Formed from the condensation of two monosaccharides via
dehydration reaction
Glucose+Glucose=Maltose
Glucose+Fructose=Sucrose
Glucose+Galactose= Lactose
HFCS= 45% glucose, 55% fructose
Oligosaccharides - ANSWER-3-10 monosaccharides held together by alpha/beta
bonds; found in beans, peas, and whole grains; hard to digest without good gut flora;
Examples of oligosaccharides - ANSWER-Raffinose (Glu-Gal-Fruc) and Sachyose (Gal-
Gal-Glu-Fruc)
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-Starch and Glycogen
Starch - ANSWER-Storage form of carbohydrates in plants; types (amylose and
amylopectin); in whole grains and look similar to glycogen
Glycogen - ANSWER-Storage form of carbs in humans; highly branched; energy source
Fiber - ANSWER-Non-digestible plant polysaccharides; dietary fiber and functional fiber
Dietary Fiber - ANSWER-Found intact and intrinsic in plants
Functional fiber - ANSWER-Has been isolated, extracted or manufactured and have
beneficial effects
Insoluble fiber - ANSWER-Doesn't dissolve in water; increases fecal bulk; example:
grape nuts; decreased travel time. Ligans, cellulose, hemicellulose
Soluble fiber - ANSWER-Dissolves in water; example: oatmeal; pectin, hemicellulose,
gums; increased travel time
Fiber is Fermented by... - ANSWER-Bacteria in colon
