POS UF- Final Exam Review Test 5..docx

POS UF- Final Exam Review Test 5.

Policies passed by authoritative decision makers - ANS >> are interpreted and implemented by
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mexecutive agencies and departments.
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Public bureaucracies are full of routines which are the product of - ANS >> political deals among a
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mvariety of political actors.
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Although it performs essential functions, - ANS >> bureaucracy is the subject of a great deal of
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mmistrust and criticism from politicians and the American public more generally.
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Bureaucracy - ANS >> refers to the actual offices, tasks, and principles of organization employed in
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mthe most formal and sustained administration.
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Administration - ANS >> refers to the all the ways in which human beings rationally coordinate
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mtheir efforts to achieve common goals.
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Bureaucratic organization enhances efficiency - ANS >> by providing a hierarchical division of labor
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Bureaucrats fulfill important roles including - ANS >> - Implementing laws
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- Making and enforcing rules
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- Settling disputes (through administrative adjudication)
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Congress finds it valuable to - ANS >> delegate
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Four types of operating parts of the bureaucratic whole - ANS >> - Cabinet departments
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- Independent agencies
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- Government corporations
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- Independent regulatory commissions
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Department hierarchically order - ANS >> - Cabinet Secretary
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- Top Administrators
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- Undersecretaries
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- Specialized Bureau level
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- Divisions, offices, and units within bureau
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Clientele Agencies - ANS >> Serve and represent particular interests in society.
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,ex: Department of Agriculture and Department of Interior, Labor, and Commerce
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Agencies for the Maintenance of the Union - ANS >> Perform essential functions like securing
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mgovernmental revenue and maintaining internal and external security. Keeps the government going.
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ex: Departments of Treasury, State, Justice, and Defense
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Regulatory Agencies - ANS >> Guide individual conduct by imposing disincentives designed to
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meliminate or restrict certain behaviors that the government deems undesirable.
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ex: Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the
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mFederal Trade Commission
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Agencies of Redistribution - ANS >> Implement fiscal, monetary, and welfare policies and influence
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mthe amount of money in the economy as well as who has money and credit.
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ex: Federal Reserve System and the Social Security Administration
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Bureaucrats have their own - ANS >> goals and motivations
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Economist William Niskanen proposed that - ANS >> - Bureaucrats are "budget maximizers"
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- Bureaucrats are motivated by salary, prestige, and belief in their agency's mission
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Bureaucratic agents are subject to - ANS >> - Before-the-fact control mechanisms including the
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mappointment process and procedural controls. m m m m




- After-the-fact control mechanisms including the provision of incentives for success and the with-
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holding of incentives for nonperformance of a particular task.
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**These mechanisms must be employed to restrict the possibility of bureaucratic drift wherein the
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mbureaucracy might produce policy more to its liking than to the original intention of the
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mauthoritative policy makers. m m




"Chief Executive" - ANS >> President- can direct bureaucratic agencies. Efforts to control the
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mexpanding executive branch helped create the "managerial" presidency.
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How does Congress monitor bureaucratic behavior? - ANS >> Public Hearings
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, Under some circumstances, Congress can - ANS >> Control the bureaucracy by re-writing legislation
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and altering appropriations to provide greater direction to those who must implement its policies.
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"Fire-alarm" oversight - ANS >> Congress members wait for citizens or interest groups to bring
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mcomplaints about Bureaucratic behaviors to the legislature.
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**Congress is more apt to engage in this method
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"Police patrol" oversight - ANS >> Congressional committees would systematically monitor
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mbureaucracies under their jurisdictions. m m m




Distributive Tendency - ANS >> Bureaucrats are more likely to attend to the needs of members of
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the House and Senate authorizing and appropriating committees that oversee them and the
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interest groups paying close attention to the policies they implement.
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The National Federal Service includes - ANS >> - 2.8 million civilians
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- 1.4 million military employees
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The most common efforts to reduce the bureaucracy include - ANS >> - Termination
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- Privatization
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- Devolution
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Termination - ANS >> The outright elimination of government programs and the agencies that
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madminister them. m




Why is Termination difficult? - ANS >> Because the public is attached to the services government
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provides and does not want favored programs to be cut.
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**Deregulation, a related effort, to reduce regulatory restraints on individual conduct, has been
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mmore popular but has only met with incremental success.
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Privatization - ANS >> The act of moving all of part of a program from the public sector to the
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mprivate sector. m m




**Can reduce the size of federal workforce but generally does not decrease the cost of
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mgovernment or the scope of national government power.
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Devolution - ANS >> Another way reduction can be achieved. Efforts to downsize the federal
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bureaucracy by delegating policy implementation to state and local governments.
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What does the policy principle suggest? - ANS >> The combination of bureaucratic arrangements
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and individual motivations produces commitment to interested parties that also brings distributive
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costs.
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Historically, courts were originally ruled by - ANS >> Sovereigns
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