PN 2003 Thorough Questions With Professional-Level
Answers
Affects of aging on the Respiratory system Right Ans - - decreased
- lung elasticity
- activity of the cilia
- mucus secretions
- inspiratory/expiratory muscle strength
- oxygen transfer ability
- cough & gag reflex
bronchiectasis Right Ans - there is permanent abnormal widening of the
airways d/t inflammation
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Right Ans - A group of lung
diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
- asthma
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
kyphosis Right Ans - curvature of the spin causing bowing out of upper
spine
total lung capacity Right Ans - maximum volume that lungs can expand
during fullest inspiration
vital capacity Right Ans - The total volume of air that can be exhaled after
maximal inhalation.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System Right Ans - Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
,number of lobes of each lung Right Ans - Right: 3
Left: 2
structural changes of Respiratory system Right Ans - decrease
- elastic recoil
- chest wall compliance
- functioning alveoli
increased anteroposterior diameter
respiratory control changes of respiratory system Right Ans - decreased
- response to hypoxia
- response to hypercapnia
defense mechanism changes of respiratory system Right Ans - decreased
- cell-mediated immunity
- specific antibodies
- cilia function
- cough force
- alveolar macrophage function
hypoxemia Right Ans - low oxygen levels in the blood
symptoms of hypoxemia Right Ans - headache
dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
tachycardia
hypercapnia Right Ans - excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
causes of hypercapnia Right Ans - failure of the pulmonary system to
ventilate to remove CO2 properly
- COPD
- Asthma
- emphysema
symptoms of asthma in elderly Right Ans - - cough w/ clear mucus
- wheezing may not be present
- eosinophil is in sputum
,asthma Right Ans - chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
triggered by
- allergens
- exercise
- respiratory infection
- drugs/food additives
- GERD
- emotional stress
BCCNM scope of practice re: tx of respiratory distress d/t asthmatic,
anaphylaxis, hypoglycemia Right Ans - are authorized to treat
bronchitis acute Right Ans - - inflammation of bronchi d/t URI
- increased mucous, cough
- may lead to pneumonia
bronchitis chronic Right Ans - - sputum production for 3 month's in at least
2 consecutive years
- COPD
emphysema Right Ans - - chronic end stage of asthma/tuberculosis
- permanent inflation of alveoli
- destructive changes in the alveoli
- air exchange is impeded
- capillaries damaged
COPD symptoms Right Ans - - wheezing
- pursed-lip breathing
- chronic cough
- barrel chest
- dyspnea
- prolonged expiratory time
- digital clubbing
- use of accessory muscles to breathe
- orthopneic
- cor pulmonale
orthopneic Right Ans - difficulty breathing when laying down , relieved
upon upright position
, cor pulmonale Right Ans - right ventricle increases in size d/t increased
pressure from blood going to the lungs
COPD management Right Ans - Goal is to improve function and relieve
symptoms
Comprehensive treatment includes
- Smoking cessation - Most important
- Oxygen therapy - prolonged survival and improved quality of life
- Bronchodilators - Improves symptoms, exercise tolerance, and health status
(Short term - Atrovent and Albuterol, Long term - Salmeterol, Frometerol and
Tiotropium)
- Corticosteroids - improves symptoms, lung function, quality of life, reduce
exacerbations but risks pneumonia, thrush and withdrawal exacerbation.
- Managing exacerbation
types of pneumonia Right Ans - - community acquired pneumonia
- hospital acquired pneumonia
- fungal pneumonia
- aspiration pneumonia
- opportunistic pneumonia
assessment data - pneumonia Right Ans - - fever
- rapid pulse
- SOB (increased respiration rate, adventitious sounds)
- increased chest pain on w/ deep inspiration
- productive cough (yellow/green/rusty sputum - foul odor)
pneumonia - treatment Right Ans - - antibiotics (if bacterial)
- tx symptoms
- antipyretics
- expectorants
- suppressants
- nursing interventions
- push fluids
- nutrition
- rest (high fowlers)
- monitor oxygen
- prevention
Answers
Affects of aging on the Respiratory system Right Ans - - decreased
- lung elasticity
- activity of the cilia
- mucus secretions
- inspiratory/expiratory muscle strength
- oxygen transfer ability
- cough & gag reflex
bronchiectasis Right Ans - there is permanent abnormal widening of the
airways d/t inflammation
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Right Ans - A group of lung
diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
- asthma
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
kyphosis Right Ans - curvature of the spin causing bowing out of upper
spine
total lung capacity Right Ans - maximum volume that lungs can expand
during fullest inspiration
vital capacity Right Ans - The total volume of air that can be exhaled after
maximal inhalation.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System Right Ans - Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
,number of lobes of each lung Right Ans - Right: 3
Left: 2
structural changes of Respiratory system Right Ans - decrease
- elastic recoil
- chest wall compliance
- functioning alveoli
increased anteroposterior diameter
respiratory control changes of respiratory system Right Ans - decreased
- response to hypoxia
- response to hypercapnia
defense mechanism changes of respiratory system Right Ans - decreased
- cell-mediated immunity
- specific antibodies
- cilia function
- cough force
- alveolar macrophage function
hypoxemia Right Ans - low oxygen levels in the blood
symptoms of hypoxemia Right Ans - headache
dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
tachycardia
hypercapnia Right Ans - excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
causes of hypercapnia Right Ans - failure of the pulmonary system to
ventilate to remove CO2 properly
- COPD
- Asthma
- emphysema
symptoms of asthma in elderly Right Ans - - cough w/ clear mucus
- wheezing may not be present
- eosinophil is in sputum
,asthma Right Ans - chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
triggered by
- allergens
- exercise
- respiratory infection
- drugs/food additives
- GERD
- emotional stress
BCCNM scope of practice re: tx of respiratory distress d/t asthmatic,
anaphylaxis, hypoglycemia Right Ans - are authorized to treat
bronchitis acute Right Ans - - inflammation of bronchi d/t URI
- increased mucous, cough
- may lead to pneumonia
bronchitis chronic Right Ans - - sputum production for 3 month's in at least
2 consecutive years
- COPD
emphysema Right Ans - - chronic end stage of asthma/tuberculosis
- permanent inflation of alveoli
- destructive changes in the alveoli
- air exchange is impeded
- capillaries damaged
COPD symptoms Right Ans - - wheezing
- pursed-lip breathing
- chronic cough
- barrel chest
- dyspnea
- prolonged expiratory time
- digital clubbing
- use of accessory muscles to breathe
- orthopneic
- cor pulmonale
orthopneic Right Ans - difficulty breathing when laying down , relieved
upon upright position
, cor pulmonale Right Ans - right ventricle increases in size d/t increased
pressure from blood going to the lungs
COPD management Right Ans - Goal is to improve function and relieve
symptoms
Comprehensive treatment includes
- Smoking cessation - Most important
- Oxygen therapy - prolonged survival and improved quality of life
- Bronchodilators - Improves symptoms, exercise tolerance, and health status
(Short term - Atrovent and Albuterol, Long term - Salmeterol, Frometerol and
Tiotropium)
- Corticosteroids - improves symptoms, lung function, quality of life, reduce
exacerbations but risks pneumonia, thrush and withdrawal exacerbation.
- Managing exacerbation
types of pneumonia Right Ans - - community acquired pneumonia
- hospital acquired pneumonia
- fungal pneumonia
- aspiration pneumonia
- opportunistic pneumonia
assessment data - pneumonia Right Ans - - fever
- rapid pulse
- SOB (increased respiration rate, adventitious sounds)
- increased chest pain on w/ deep inspiration
- productive cough (yellow/green/rusty sputum - foul odor)
pneumonia - treatment Right Ans - - antibiotics (if bacterial)
- tx symptoms
- antipyretics
- expectorants
- suppressants
- nursing interventions
- push fluids
- nutrition
- rest (high fowlers)
- monitor oxygen
- prevention
