PN 2003 - Fully Verified Questions With Correct
Explanations
Age related Cardiovascular system Right Ans - - atrioventricular valves
thicken & become rigid
- murmurs d/t incomplete valve closure causing reduced cardiac output
- decreased pacemaker cells
- decreased stroke volume d/t prolonged diastolic filling & systolic emptying
- decreased elasticity of vessels
- heart cells hypertrophy
indications of ineffective tissue perfusion Right Ans - - hypotension
- tachycardia, decrease pulse quality
- edema
- tissue necrosis/stasis ulcers
- dyspnea, increased respirations
- pallor, cool skin
- cyanosis
- decreased urinary output
- delirium
- restlessness
- memory disturbance
modifiable risk factors Right Ans - - hypertension
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- high blood cholesterol
hypertension Right Ans - sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood
pressure
- huge cause of mortality of cardiovascular disease
clinical manifestations of hypertension Right Ans - - frequently
asymptomatic
- secondary symptoms
,- fatigue
- reduced activity tolerance
- dizziness
- palpitations
- angina
- dyspnea
medications to treat hypertension Right Ans - - thiazide diuretics
- angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- angiotensin II receptor blocker
- calcium channel blocker
DASH diet Right Ans - Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- fruit & vegetables
- whole grains
- low-fat diary
complications of hypertension Right Ans - - hypertensive heart disease
- coronary artery disease
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- heart failure
- cerebrovascular disease
- peripheral vascular disease
- nephrosclerosis
- retinal damage
congestive heart failure Right Ans - - heart's inability to pump out all the
blood that returns to it
- blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart
- causes an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
orthostatic hypotension occurs often in the elderly because Right Ans - -
white coat hypertension
- impaired baroreceptor reflex mechanism
- isolated systolic hypertension
postural hypotension Right Ans - sudden drop in blood pressure upon
standing
orthostatic hypotension
,Heart failure Right Ans - -abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac
pumping/filling
-hear is unable to produce an adequate cardiac output
heart failure is characterized by Right Ans - -ventricular dysfunction
-reduced exercise tolerance
-diminished quality of life
-shortened life expectancy
causes of heart failure Right Ans - -primary
-precipitating
symptoms of chronic heart failure Right Ans - -fatigue
-dyspnea/orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
-persistent dry cough unrelieved w/ position change/OTC cough suppressants
-tachycardia
-dependent edema
-nocturia
-restlessness/confusion/decreased memory
-angina (chest pain)
-weight changes (anorexia, nausea, fluid retention)
types of heart failure Right Ans - -congestive heart failure
-inability of heart to pump effectively
-right-sided heart failure
-unable to pump blood to lungs effectively
-peripheral/abdominal edema, sudden weight gain
-left-sided heart failure
-heart fails to pump blood back to the body effectively
-coughing, SOB, fatigue
complications of heart failure Right Ans - -pleural effusion
-atrial fibrillation (increase thrombus/embolus & stroke)
-high risk of fatal dysrhythmias (cardiac arrest)
-lead to severe hepatomegaly
-renal insufficiency/failure
, 4 classes of heart failure Right Ans - class I (cardiac disease without
physical limitation)
class II (symptoms experienced with ordinary physical activity, slight
limitations may be evident)
Class III (symptoms experienced with less than ordinary activities, physical
activity significantly limited)
class IV (symptoms experienced with any activity/during rest)
treatment goals of chronic heart failure Right Ans - -treat underlying
cause/contributing factors
-maximize cardiac output
-symptom alleviating treatment
-improve ventricular function
-improve quality of life
-preserve target organ function
-improve mortality/morbidity
coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Right Ans - - plaque
deposition in the coronary arteries
-over time can result in a reduction or blockage of the arterial blood supply
and oxygen supply to cardiac muscle
- If blood supply is reduced or interrupted for a long enough time the cardiac
muscle becomes ischemic (low in blood supply) resulting in infarction and
death of the muscle tissue supplied by the clogged artery
factors for coronary artery disease Right Ans - -elevated serum lipid levels
-hypertension
-tobacco use
-physical inactivity
-obesity DM
-metabolic syndrome
-psychological states
-homocysteine
-substance abuse
-age/gender/ethnicity
-family hx/genetics
management of coronary artery disease Right Ans - -health promotion
-nutritional therapy
Explanations
Age related Cardiovascular system Right Ans - - atrioventricular valves
thicken & become rigid
- murmurs d/t incomplete valve closure causing reduced cardiac output
- decreased pacemaker cells
- decreased stroke volume d/t prolonged diastolic filling & systolic emptying
- decreased elasticity of vessels
- heart cells hypertrophy
indications of ineffective tissue perfusion Right Ans - - hypotension
- tachycardia, decrease pulse quality
- edema
- tissue necrosis/stasis ulcers
- dyspnea, increased respirations
- pallor, cool skin
- cyanosis
- decreased urinary output
- delirium
- restlessness
- memory disturbance
modifiable risk factors Right Ans - - hypertension
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- high blood cholesterol
hypertension Right Ans - sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood
pressure
- huge cause of mortality of cardiovascular disease
clinical manifestations of hypertension Right Ans - - frequently
asymptomatic
- secondary symptoms
,- fatigue
- reduced activity tolerance
- dizziness
- palpitations
- angina
- dyspnea
medications to treat hypertension Right Ans - - thiazide diuretics
- angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- angiotensin II receptor blocker
- calcium channel blocker
DASH diet Right Ans - Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- fruit & vegetables
- whole grains
- low-fat diary
complications of hypertension Right Ans - - hypertensive heart disease
- coronary artery disease
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- heart failure
- cerebrovascular disease
- peripheral vascular disease
- nephrosclerosis
- retinal damage
congestive heart failure Right Ans - - heart's inability to pump out all the
blood that returns to it
- blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart
- causes an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
orthostatic hypotension occurs often in the elderly because Right Ans - -
white coat hypertension
- impaired baroreceptor reflex mechanism
- isolated systolic hypertension
postural hypotension Right Ans - sudden drop in blood pressure upon
standing
orthostatic hypotension
,Heart failure Right Ans - -abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac
pumping/filling
-hear is unable to produce an adequate cardiac output
heart failure is characterized by Right Ans - -ventricular dysfunction
-reduced exercise tolerance
-diminished quality of life
-shortened life expectancy
causes of heart failure Right Ans - -primary
-precipitating
symptoms of chronic heart failure Right Ans - -fatigue
-dyspnea/orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
-persistent dry cough unrelieved w/ position change/OTC cough suppressants
-tachycardia
-dependent edema
-nocturia
-restlessness/confusion/decreased memory
-angina (chest pain)
-weight changes (anorexia, nausea, fluid retention)
types of heart failure Right Ans - -congestive heart failure
-inability of heart to pump effectively
-right-sided heart failure
-unable to pump blood to lungs effectively
-peripheral/abdominal edema, sudden weight gain
-left-sided heart failure
-heart fails to pump blood back to the body effectively
-coughing, SOB, fatigue
complications of heart failure Right Ans - -pleural effusion
-atrial fibrillation (increase thrombus/embolus & stroke)
-high risk of fatal dysrhythmias (cardiac arrest)
-lead to severe hepatomegaly
-renal insufficiency/failure
, 4 classes of heart failure Right Ans - class I (cardiac disease without
physical limitation)
class II (symptoms experienced with ordinary physical activity, slight
limitations may be evident)
Class III (symptoms experienced with less than ordinary activities, physical
activity significantly limited)
class IV (symptoms experienced with any activity/during rest)
treatment goals of chronic heart failure Right Ans - -treat underlying
cause/contributing factors
-maximize cardiac output
-symptom alleviating treatment
-improve ventricular function
-improve quality of life
-preserve target organ function
-improve mortality/morbidity
coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Right Ans - - plaque
deposition in the coronary arteries
-over time can result in a reduction or blockage of the arterial blood supply
and oxygen supply to cardiac muscle
- If blood supply is reduced or interrupted for a long enough time the cardiac
muscle becomes ischemic (low in blood supply) resulting in infarction and
death of the muscle tissue supplied by the clogged artery
factors for coronary artery disease Right Ans - -elevated serum lipid levels
-hypertension
-tobacco use
-physical inactivity
-obesity DM
-metabolic syndrome
-psychological states
-homocysteine
-substance abuse
-age/gender/ethnicity
-family hx/genetics
management of coronary artery disease Right Ans - -health promotion
-nutritional therapy
