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Pediatric Nursing
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Parenting Styles Piaget: Cognitive Development
Authoritarian (Dictatorial):
Parent controls their child’s behavior Sensorimotor: Birth-2 years.
through unquestioned rules and Goal: Object permanence
• (occurs aroun
expectations.
Preoperational: 2-7 years old.
Permissive: Parent has little control Goal: •Symbolic thought.
over child’s behavior and consults the
child when making decisions.
Concrete Operational: 7-11 years old.
Goal: Operational
• thought. Ability to see
Authoritative (Democratic): Parent sets
rules, but explains reasons for the
perspective of others.
rules. Parent enforces consequences Formal Operational: 11 years - adulthood.
for breaking rules.
Goal: •Abstract concepts.
Passive: Parent uninvolved &
indifferent to child’s behavior.
Erikson: psychosocial dev
Infancy (Birth - 18 months): Trust vs. mistrust
Early childhood (18 months - 3 years): Autonomy v
Preschool (3-6 years): Initiative vs. guilt
School age (6-12 years): Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence (12-20 years): Identity vs. role confu
Young adulthood (20-40 years): Intimacy vs. isolat
Middle adulthood (40-65 years): generativity vs. st
Maturity (65 & older): ego integrity vs. despair
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Best practices for
Vital Signs
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examining children
Temperature: (HIGHER when younger):
• 1 year: 37.7 C (99.9 F)
• 5 years: 37.0 C (98.6 F) — Keep medical equipment out of
sight.
Pulse (FASTER when younger): — Use age-appropriate language.
• Newborn: 80-180/min — Demonstrate assessment on doll
• 2-10 years: 60-110/min
or puppet.
Respirations (FASTER when younger): — Allow children to handle
• Newborn: 30-35/min equipment.
• 6-12 years: 19-21/min — Allow child to role-play using
play equipment.
Blood Pressure (LOWER when younger): — Allow child to sit on parent’s lap.
• Infants: 65-78 mmHg / 41-52 mmHg
• 10 years: 97-130 mmHg / 58-90 mmHg
Infants: physical assessment
! Fontanels
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• flat (not bulging or sunken) !
• Posterior fontanel closes at 6-8 weeks
• Anterior fontanel closes at 12-18 months
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! Height/weight
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• Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 1 year.
• Infants grow 2.5cm (1 in) per month for first 6 months.
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Length increases by 50% at 1 year. !
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! Dentition
• First tooth erupts at 6-10 months, starting w/lower
central incisors. Children will have 6-8 teeth by 1 year
old.
• Signs of teething: pulling on ears, drooling, fussiness,
sleeping issues.
• Clean teeth with cool, wet washcloth.
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Pediatric Nursing
!
!
!
!
!
Parenting Styles Piaget: Cognitive Development
Authoritarian (Dictatorial):
Parent controls their child’s behavior Sensorimotor: Birth-2 years.
through unquestioned rules and Goal: Object permanence
• (occurs aroun
expectations.
Preoperational: 2-7 years old.
Permissive: Parent has little control Goal: •Symbolic thought.
over child’s behavior and consults the
child when making decisions.
Concrete Operational: 7-11 years old.
Goal: Operational
• thought. Ability to see
Authoritative (Democratic): Parent sets
rules, but explains reasons for the
perspective of others.
rules. Parent enforces consequences Formal Operational: 11 years - adulthood.
for breaking rules.
Goal: •Abstract concepts.
Passive: Parent uninvolved &
indifferent to child’s behavior.
Erikson: psychosocial dev
Infancy (Birth - 18 months): Trust vs. mistrust
Early childhood (18 months - 3 years): Autonomy v
Preschool (3-6 years): Initiative vs. guilt
School age (6-12 years): Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence (12-20 years): Identity vs. role confu
Young adulthood (20-40 years): Intimacy vs. isolat
Middle adulthood (40-65 years): generativity vs. st
Maturity (65 & older): ego integrity vs. despair
!
, !
Best practices for
Vital Signs
!
!
!
!
!
examining children
Temperature: (HIGHER when younger):
• 1 year: 37.7 C (99.9 F)
• 5 years: 37.0 C (98.6 F) — Keep medical equipment out of
sight.
Pulse (FASTER when younger): — Use age-appropriate language.
• Newborn: 80-180/min — Demonstrate assessment on doll
• 2-10 years: 60-110/min
or puppet.
Respirations (FASTER when younger): — Allow children to handle
• Newborn: 30-35/min equipment.
• 6-12 years: 19-21/min — Allow child to role-play using
play equipment.
Blood Pressure (LOWER when younger): — Allow child to sit on parent’s lap.
• Infants: 65-78 mmHg / 41-52 mmHg
• 10 years: 97-130 mmHg / 58-90 mmHg
Infants: physical assessment
! Fontanels
!
• flat (not bulging or sunken) !
• Posterior fontanel closes at 6-8 weeks
• Anterior fontanel closes at 12-18 months
!
!
!
!
! Height/weight
!
• Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 1 year.
• Infants grow 2.5cm (1 in) per month for first 6 months.
!
Length increases by 50% at 1 year. !
!
!
!
! Dentition
• First tooth erupts at 6-10 months, starting w/lower
central incisors. Children will have 6-8 teeth by 1 year
old.
• Signs of teething: pulling on ears, drooling, fussiness,
sleeping issues.
• Clean teeth with cool, wet washcloth.
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