Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
1. How are STM STM and LTM are often distinguished in terms of their coding, capacity and
and LTM distin- duration.
guished?
2. STM and LTM Coding refers to the format in which information is stored in the various memory
are often distin- stores.
guished in terms - Information enters the brain via the senses (e.g. eyes and ears) and then is
of their coding, changed to another form so that it can be stored in memory. It can be stored in
what does this re- the form of sounds (acoustic), images (visual) or meaning (semantic)
fer to?
3. STM and LTM Capacity refers to the amount of information that can be held in a memory.
are often distin-
guished in terms
of their capacity,
what does this re-
fer to?
4. STM and LTM Duration refers to the length of time that information can be held in memory
are often distin-
guished in terms
of their duration,
what does this re-
fer to?
5. What is the Sen- - environmental stimuli ( the sound of someone talking) enter the sensory register,
sory Register? comprising five separate stores for each sense
(Sensory Store) - the primary stores are iconic (for visual information, initially encoded visually)
- how it works and echoic (for sound-based information, initially encoded acoustically).
6. sensory store depending on the sense that is picked up - e.g. visual, auditory or tactile. (modality
coding specific)
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
7. sensory store du- less than half a second
ration
8. sensory store ca- huge capacity (millions or receptors)
pacity
9. What is Short term memory is your memory for immediate events. It temporarily stores
Short-term mem- information received from the sensory register.
ory (STM)?
10. How is informa- attention
tion transferred
from the sensory
register to Short
term memory?
11. What happens leads to spontaneous decay
if information is
not attended to
when it enters
the sensory reg-
ister?
12. STM coding acoustically (Baddely 1966)
13. STM capacity between 5 and 9 items (Miller 1946)
14. STM duration 18-30 seconds unless it is rehearsed (Peterson and Peterson 1959)
15. How is informa- prolonged rehearsal e.g verbally repeating a telephone number
tion transferred
from STM to
LTM?
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
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16. How is informa- retrieval
tion transferred
from LTM to
STM?
17. What is memory for events that have happened in the more distant past
Long-term mem-
ory (LTM)?
18. LTM coding semantically (Baddeley 1966)
19. LTM capacity potentially unlimited
20. LTM duration lifetime (Bahrick 1975)
21. Baddely (1966) LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
on coding in STM - participants were given four sets of words to learn
and LTM - acoustically similar words (cat, cap, can) or dissimilar (pit, few, cow)
- procedure - semantically similar (great, large, big) or dissimilar (good, huge, hot).
- they were required to recall the words in the original order either immediately
(testing STM) or after a 20-minute delay (testing LTM)
22. Baddely (1966) - immediate recall worse with acoustically similar words -> indicates acoustic
on coding in STM coding in short-term memory (STM)
and LTM - recall after 20 minutes worse with semantically similar words -> suggests se-
- findings mantic encoding in long-term memory (LTM)
23. Why was imme- STM causing acoustic confusion and becoming distracted by sounds of words
diate recall worse thus not recalling in order
with acoustically
similar words?
24. Why was pro- LTM causing semantic confusion and becoming distracted by meaning of words
longed recall thus not recalling in order
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
worse with se-
mantically simi-
lar words?
25. What is a • showed differences between stores.
strength of Bad- • Later research showed that there are some exceptions to Baddeley's findings,
deley's 1966 e.g. types of coding.
study on coding • However, the idea that STM uses mostly acoustic coding and LTM mostly seman-
in STM and LTM? tic has stood the test of time.
Showed differ- • This was an important step our understanding of the memory system, which led
ences between to the creation of the MSM.
stores
26. What is a • A strength of Baddeley's study is that there is a high degree of control over
strength of Bad- extraneous variables.
deley's 1966 • This allows us to see clearly that the IV (coding: semantic or acoustic) was what
study on coding affected the DV (recall), improving the validity of results
in STM and LTM? - This also means the experiment can be easily replicated
there is a high
degree of control
over extraneous
variables
27. What is a limi- • A limitation of Baddeley's study is that it didn't use meaningful material.
tation of Badde- • The words used in the study were artificial had no personal meaning to partici-
ly's 1966 study pants. When processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic
on coding in STM coding even for STM.
and LTM? • This means that the results of this study have limited application in the
it didn't use real-world. We should be cautious about generalising the findings to different
meaningful ma- kinds of memory task.
terial.
28.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
1. How are STM STM and LTM are often distinguished in terms of their coding, capacity and
and LTM distin- duration.
guished?
2. STM and LTM Coding refers to the format in which information is stored in the various memory
are often distin- stores.
guished in terms - Information enters the brain via the senses (e.g. eyes and ears) and then is
of their coding, changed to another form so that it can be stored in memory. It can be stored in
what does this re- the form of sounds (acoustic), images (visual) or meaning (semantic)
fer to?
3. STM and LTM Capacity refers to the amount of information that can be held in a memory.
are often distin-
guished in terms
of their capacity,
what does this re-
fer to?
4. STM and LTM Duration refers to the length of time that information can be held in memory
are often distin-
guished in terms
of their duration,
what does this re-
fer to?
5. What is the Sen- - environmental stimuli ( the sound of someone talking) enter the sensory register,
sory Register? comprising five separate stores for each sense
(Sensory Store) - the primary stores are iconic (for visual information, initially encoded visually)
- how it works and echoic (for sound-based information, initially encoded acoustically).
6. sensory store depending on the sense that is picked up - e.g. visual, auditory or tactile. (modality
coding specific)
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
7. sensory store du- less than half a second
ration
8. sensory store ca- huge capacity (millions or receptors)
pacity
9. What is Short term memory is your memory for immediate events. It temporarily stores
Short-term mem- information received from the sensory register.
ory (STM)?
10. How is informa- attention
tion transferred
from the sensory
register to Short
term memory?
11. What happens leads to spontaneous decay
if information is
not attended to
when it enters
the sensory reg-
ister?
12. STM coding acoustically (Baddely 1966)
13. STM capacity between 5 and 9 items (Miller 1946)
14. STM duration 18-30 seconds unless it is rehearsed (Peterson and Peterson 1959)
15. How is informa- prolonged rehearsal e.g verbally repeating a telephone number
tion transferred
from STM to
LTM?
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
16. How is informa- retrieval
tion transferred
from LTM to
STM?
17. What is memory for events that have happened in the more distant past
Long-term mem-
ory (LTM)?
18. LTM coding semantically (Baddeley 1966)
19. LTM capacity potentially unlimited
20. LTM duration lifetime (Bahrick 1975)
21. Baddely (1966) LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
on coding in STM - participants were given four sets of words to learn
and LTM - acoustically similar words (cat, cap, can) or dissimilar (pit, few, cow)
- procedure - semantically similar (great, large, big) or dissimilar (good, huge, hot).
- they were required to recall the words in the original order either immediately
(testing STM) or after a 20-minute delay (testing LTM)
22. Baddely (1966) - immediate recall worse with acoustically similar words -> indicates acoustic
on coding in STM coding in short-term memory (STM)
and LTM - recall after 20 minutes worse with semantically similar words -> suggests se-
- findings mantic encoding in long-term memory (LTM)
23. Why was imme- STM causing acoustic confusion and becoming distracted by sounds of words
diate recall worse thus not recalling in order
with acoustically
similar words?
24. Why was pro- LTM causing semantic confusion and becoming distracted by meaning of words
longed recall thus not recalling in order
, Memory (AQA A-Level Psychology)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ecss67
worse with se-
mantically simi-
lar words?
25. What is a • showed differences between stores.
strength of Bad- • Later research showed that there are some exceptions to Baddeley's findings,
deley's 1966 e.g. types of coding.
study on coding • However, the idea that STM uses mostly acoustic coding and LTM mostly seman-
in STM and LTM? tic has stood the test of time.
Showed differ- • This was an important step our understanding of the memory system, which led
ences between to the creation of the MSM.
stores
26. What is a • A strength of Baddeley's study is that there is a high degree of control over
strength of Bad- extraneous variables.
deley's 1966 • This allows us to see clearly that the IV (coding: semantic or acoustic) was what
study on coding affected the DV (recall), improving the validity of results
in STM and LTM? - This also means the experiment can be easily replicated
there is a high
degree of control
over extraneous
variables
27. What is a limi- • A limitation of Baddeley's study is that it didn't use meaningful material.
tation of Badde- • The words used in the study were artificial had no personal meaning to partici-
ly's 1966 study pants. When processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic
on coding in STM coding even for STM.
and LTM? • This means that the results of this study have limited application in the
it didn't use real-world. We should be cautious about generalising the findings to different
meaningful ma- kinds of memory task.
terial.
28.
