PARAMEDIC CARES AND PRINCIPLES 6TH EDITION
FULL STUDY GUIDES WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION)/COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GET
IT 100% ACCURATE
Surveillance - ANS-- Surveillance is the process of collecting data in order to identify the existence,
significance, and characteristics of disease.
Epidemiology - ANS-Study of factors that influence the frequency, distribution, and causes of injury,
disease, and other health related events in a population.
Risk Analysis - ANS-A process to examine a disease and determine the various factors that affect its
development, course, and consequences.
- A tool to identify risk elements associated with trauma is the Haddon Matrix
Haddon Matrix - ANS-A framework developed by William Haddon, Jr, MD as a method to generate ideas
about injury prevention that address the host, agent, and environment and their impact in the pre-
event, event, and post-event phases of the injury process
Intervention Development - ANS-- The creation or modification of programs to reduce both the
incidence and the seriousness of trauma
Implementation - ANS-the act of placing an intervention into practice.
Ex: enforcing traffic laws, reducing speed limits in hazardous areas, modifying highways to be safer,
building safer vehicles, establishing gun safety programs and workplace safety codes.
Evaluation - ANS-- process of repeating the surveillance that took place before an intervention to
identify benefits of the intervention.
,Level I Trauma Center - ANS-- Regional Trauma Center
- Commits resources to address all types of specialty trauma 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Level II Trauma Center - ANS-- Area Trauma Center
- Commits the resources to address the most common trauma emergencies with surgical capability
available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; stabilizes and transports specialty cases to the regional trauma
center.
Level III Trauma Center - ANS-- Community Trauma Center
- Commits to special emergency department training and has some surgical capability but usually
stabilizes and transfers seriously injured trauma patients to a higher-level trauma center as needed.
Level IV Trauma Center - ANS-- Trauma Facility
- In remote areas, a small community hospital or medical care facility can be designated a trauma
receiving facility, meaning that it stabilizes and prepares seriously injured trauma patients for transport
to a higher-level facility.
Specialty Centers - ANS-- Specialty centers have made a commitment to have trained personnel,
equipment, and other resources to provide services not usually available at a general or trauma hospital.
- Ex: neurocenters, burn centers, pediatric trauma centers, and centers specializing in hand and limb
replantation by microsurgery, hyperbaric oxygenation.
Scene Safety - ANS-- Many scene hazards go unnoticed
- Do not enter an Unsafe scene
- Request additional resources to ensure a safe scene and then await their arrival.
Mechanism of Injury Analysis - ANS-- MOI
- Combined strength, direction, and nature of forces that injured a person; The manner in which trauma
occurs
Index of suspicion - ANS-The anticipation of injury to a body region, organ, or structure based on
analysis of the mechanism of injury.
Trauma Triage Criteria - ANS-- Guidelines to aid prehospital personnel in determining which trauma
patients require urgent transportation to a trauma center.
Physiologic Criteria - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score less than or equal
to 13,
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 90 mmHg,
,- Respiratory rate of less than 10 or more than 29 breaths per minute (< 20 in infant aged <1 year), or
need for ventilatory support.
Anatomic Criteria - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- All penetrating injuries to head, neck, torso, and
extremities proximal to elbow or knee
- Chest wall instability or deformity
- Two or more proximal long-bone fractures
- Crushed, degloved, mangled, or pulseless extremity
- Amputation proximal to wrist or ankle
- Pelvic fracture
- Open or depressed skull fractures
- Paralysis
Mechanism of injury - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- Falls: Adults = > 20 feet; Peds = > 10 feet or 2 to 3
times the height of the child
- High-risk auto crash: Intrusion > 12 inches; Ejection (partial or complete) from automobile; Death in
same passenger compartment; Vehicle telemetry data consistent with a high risk for injury
- Automobile vs. pedestrian/bicyclist thrown, run over, or with significant (> 20 mph) impact; or
motorcycle crash > 20 mph
Special Considerations - ANS-- Older adults: risk for injury/death increases after age 55 years, SBP < 110
might represent shock after age 65 years, low-impact mechanisms (e.g. ground level falls) might result in
severe injury.
- Children: Should be triaged preferentially to pediatric capable trauma centers.- Anticoagulants and
bleeding disorders: patients with head injury are at high risk for rapid deterioration.
- Burns: without other trauma mechanisms = triage to burn facility; with trauma mechanisms = triage to
trauma center
- Pregnancy > 20 weeks
- EMS provider judgment
Golden Period - ANS-- goal for incident-to-surgery time for trauma patients. Currently this period is
thought to be about one hour.
, - previously called the Golden Hour, but the name has evolved to reflect the fact that the science behind
the Golden Hour has not been validated.
Injury Prevention - ANS-- Prevention is the best and most cost-effective way to reduce trauma morbidity
and mortality.
Trauma Registry - ANS-A data retrieval system for trauma patient information, which is used to evaluate
and improve the trauma system.
The Skin (Integumentary system) - ANS-- Largest human organ
- Protects from fluid loss, bacterial invasion
- Massive surface area for sensation
- Responsible for thermo-regulation (secreting sweat and shunting blood.) (Fluid control)
- Provides insulation from trauma.
Epidermis - ANS-- Outermost layer of skin
- area of dead and dying cells being pushed outward by new cells growing from beneath
- Glands beneath the epidermis secrete an oil called sebum
Sebum - ANS-oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
- f(x): Makes skin pliable; barrier to water and other fluid flowing through the skin
Dermis - ANS-The inner layer of skin containing hair follicle roots, blood vessels, glands, and nerve
endings.
- Sebaceous glands (secretes sebum directly onto the skins surface) found in this layer
- Sudoriferous glands (Secretes sweat) found in this layer
Subcutaneous Tissue - ANS-- Adipose (Fat) and connective tissue found beneath the dermis
- Provides insulation against both trauma and heat loss.
Thermal Burn - ANS-- An injury caused by radiation or direct contact with a heat source on the skin.
- causes damage by increasing the rate at which the molecules within an object move and collide with
each other.
- Result of extreme heat exposure
Jackson's theory of thermal wounds - ANS-- Explanation of the physical effects of thermal burns
FULL STUDY GUIDES WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION)/COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GET
IT 100% ACCURATE
Surveillance - ANS-- Surveillance is the process of collecting data in order to identify the existence,
significance, and characteristics of disease.
Epidemiology - ANS-Study of factors that influence the frequency, distribution, and causes of injury,
disease, and other health related events in a population.
Risk Analysis - ANS-A process to examine a disease and determine the various factors that affect its
development, course, and consequences.
- A tool to identify risk elements associated with trauma is the Haddon Matrix
Haddon Matrix - ANS-A framework developed by William Haddon, Jr, MD as a method to generate ideas
about injury prevention that address the host, agent, and environment and their impact in the pre-
event, event, and post-event phases of the injury process
Intervention Development - ANS-- The creation or modification of programs to reduce both the
incidence and the seriousness of trauma
Implementation - ANS-the act of placing an intervention into practice.
Ex: enforcing traffic laws, reducing speed limits in hazardous areas, modifying highways to be safer,
building safer vehicles, establishing gun safety programs and workplace safety codes.
Evaluation - ANS-- process of repeating the surveillance that took place before an intervention to
identify benefits of the intervention.
,Level I Trauma Center - ANS-- Regional Trauma Center
- Commits resources to address all types of specialty trauma 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Level II Trauma Center - ANS-- Area Trauma Center
- Commits the resources to address the most common trauma emergencies with surgical capability
available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; stabilizes and transports specialty cases to the regional trauma
center.
Level III Trauma Center - ANS-- Community Trauma Center
- Commits to special emergency department training and has some surgical capability but usually
stabilizes and transfers seriously injured trauma patients to a higher-level trauma center as needed.
Level IV Trauma Center - ANS-- Trauma Facility
- In remote areas, a small community hospital or medical care facility can be designated a trauma
receiving facility, meaning that it stabilizes and prepares seriously injured trauma patients for transport
to a higher-level facility.
Specialty Centers - ANS-- Specialty centers have made a commitment to have trained personnel,
equipment, and other resources to provide services not usually available at a general or trauma hospital.
- Ex: neurocenters, burn centers, pediatric trauma centers, and centers specializing in hand and limb
replantation by microsurgery, hyperbaric oxygenation.
Scene Safety - ANS-- Many scene hazards go unnoticed
- Do not enter an Unsafe scene
- Request additional resources to ensure a safe scene and then await their arrival.
Mechanism of Injury Analysis - ANS-- MOI
- Combined strength, direction, and nature of forces that injured a person; The manner in which trauma
occurs
Index of suspicion - ANS-The anticipation of injury to a body region, organ, or structure based on
analysis of the mechanism of injury.
Trauma Triage Criteria - ANS-- Guidelines to aid prehospital personnel in determining which trauma
patients require urgent transportation to a trauma center.
Physiologic Criteria - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score less than or equal
to 13,
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 90 mmHg,
,- Respiratory rate of less than 10 or more than 29 breaths per minute (< 20 in infant aged <1 year), or
need for ventilatory support.
Anatomic Criteria - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- All penetrating injuries to head, neck, torso, and
extremities proximal to elbow or knee
- Chest wall instability or deformity
- Two or more proximal long-bone fractures
- Crushed, degloved, mangled, or pulseless extremity
- Amputation proximal to wrist or ankle
- Pelvic fracture
- Open or depressed skull fractures
- Paralysis
Mechanism of injury - Trauma Center Criteria - ANS-- Falls: Adults = > 20 feet; Peds = > 10 feet or 2 to 3
times the height of the child
- High-risk auto crash: Intrusion > 12 inches; Ejection (partial or complete) from automobile; Death in
same passenger compartment; Vehicle telemetry data consistent with a high risk for injury
- Automobile vs. pedestrian/bicyclist thrown, run over, or with significant (> 20 mph) impact; or
motorcycle crash > 20 mph
Special Considerations - ANS-- Older adults: risk for injury/death increases after age 55 years, SBP < 110
might represent shock after age 65 years, low-impact mechanisms (e.g. ground level falls) might result in
severe injury.
- Children: Should be triaged preferentially to pediatric capable trauma centers.- Anticoagulants and
bleeding disorders: patients with head injury are at high risk for rapid deterioration.
- Burns: without other trauma mechanisms = triage to burn facility; with trauma mechanisms = triage to
trauma center
- Pregnancy > 20 weeks
- EMS provider judgment
Golden Period - ANS-- goal for incident-to-surgery time for trauma patients. Currently this period is
thought to be about one hour.
, - previously called the Golden Hour, but the name has evolved to reflect the fact that the science behind
the Golden Hour has not been validated.
Injury Prevention - ANS-- Prevention is the best and most cost-effective way to reduce trauma morbidity
and mortality.
Trauma Registry - ANS-A data retrieval system for trauma patient information, which is used to evaluate
and improve the trauma system.
The Skin (Integumentary system) - ANS-- Largest human organ
- Protects from fluid loss, bacterial invasion
- Massive surface area for sensation
- Responsible for thermo-regulation (secreting sweat and shunting blood.) (Fluid control)
- Provides insulation from trauma.
Epidermis - ANS-- Outermost layer of skin
- area of dead and dying cells being pushed outward by new cells growing from beneath
- Glands beneath the epidermis secrete an oil called sebum
Sebum - ANS-oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
- f(x): Makes skin pliable; barrier to water and other fluid flowing through the skin
Dermis - ANS-The inner layer of skin containing hair follicle roots, blood vessels, glands, and nerve
endings.
- Sebaceous glands (secretes sebum directly onto the skins surface) found in this layer
- Sudoriferous glands (Secretes sweat) found in this layer
Subcutaneous Tissue - ANS-- Adipose (Fat) and connective tissue found beneath the dermis
- Provides insulation against both trauma and heat loss.
Thermal Burn - ANS-- An injury caused by radiation or direct contact with a heat source on the skin.
- causes damage by increasing the rate at which the molecules within an object move and collide with
each other.
- Result of extreme heat exposure
Jackson's theory of thermal wounds - ANS-- Explanation of the physical effects of thermal burns
