Summary NF 111 Exam 4 Study Guide

Nursing Fundamentals Exam 4 Study Guide
Unit 10 – Nursing Support of Activity and Mobility
 The Skeletal System
 The framework of bones, the joints between them, and cartilage that
protects our organs and allows us to move

 Joints (type and definition)
 Ball and socket joints
 The rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other
 EX – shoulder and hip joints
 ROM – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
 Condyloid joints
 The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone
 EX – wrist and joints connecting fingers to palm
 ROM – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
 Gliding joints
 Flat surfaces of the bone slide over one another
 EX – carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the feet
 ROM – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
 Hinge joints
 A spool-like (rounded) surface of one bone fits into a concave
surface of another bone
 EX – elbow, knee, and ankle joints
 ROM – flexion, extension
 Pivot joints
 A ring-like structure that turns on a pivot
 EX – joints between the atlas and axis of the neck and between the
proximal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
 ROM – rotation
 Saddle joints
 Bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other
 EX – joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb
 ROM – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and
opposition

 The Muscular System
 Composed of 3 types of muscle:
 Skeletal – works with tendons and bones to move the body
 Cardiac – forms the bulk of the heart and produces contractions that
create the heartbeat
 Smooth/Visceral – forms the walls of the hollow organs and is in the
walls of blood vessels and other hollow tubes that connect internal
organs
 The excitability, contractility, and elasticity of muscles enable them to
perform 4 important functions:
 Motion

,  Maintenance of posture
 Support
 Heat production

 The Nervous System
 Nerve impulses stimulate muscle to contract
 Neurons conduct impulses form one part of the body to another
 The afferent neurons convey information from receptors in the
periphery of the body to the CNS which processes the information
 The efferent neurons convey the response from the CNS to skeletal

 Important Terms
 Paraplegia – paralysis of the lower extremities
 Hemiplegia – weakness on one half of the body
 Hypertonicity – increased muscle tone
 Hypotonicity – decreased muscle tone
 Crepitation – audible/palpable popping during movement

 Body and Mobility Changes in the Patient
 Self-care behaviors
 Feelings about the body and mobility
 How can nurses be supportive

 Isotonic VS Isometric VS Isokinetic Exercise
 Isotonic exercise
 Involves muscles shortening and active movement
 EX – carrying out ADLs, independently performing ROM exercises,
swimming, walking, jogging, and bicycling
 Isometric exercise
 Involves muscle contraction without shortening; there is no
movement or only a minimum shortening of muscle fibers
 EX – contractions of the quadriceps and gluteal muscles (yoga
poses)
 Isokinetic
 Involves muscle contraction with resistance, provided at a constant
rate by an external device which has a capacity for variable
resistance
 EX – rehabilitative exercises for knee and elbow injuries and lifting
weights

 Mobility and Exercise History
 Endurance (definition)
 Mobility issues
 ADLs
 Mental health issue causing