Exam 1 - BIOS252 / BIOS 252 (Latest 2025 UPDATED) : Anatomy And
Physiology II With Lab - Chamberlain
CNS - (ANSWER)brain and spinal cord
PNS - (ANSWER)Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory receptors)
somatic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic because it is skeletal but
it is inside the body.
autonomic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of PNS
smooth (intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac (heart muscles) muscles, glands (cells or many
cells that can synthesize and secrete molecules to the body)
sympathetic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of ANS
fight or flight. NOREPINEPHRINE. Ganglia closer to spinal cord.
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
parasympathetic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of ANS
主题的中文文章？
rest and digest. ACETYLCHOLINE. Ganglia closer to organs
Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - (ANSWER)PNS
A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have on the resting
membrane potential? - (ANSWER)because there is already a high concentration of Na+ ions
outside of the neuron and eating the salt tablets won't really make a difference to the
concentration gradient. (taking a handful of sand and pouring it on the beach analogy)
, Why are potassium ions the major factors that determine the resting membrane potential? -
(ANSWER)Potassium ions have the greatest influence on the RMP because the plasma
membrane is more permeable to potassium than to any other ion (leak channels)
Leak channels - (ANSWER)these help to maintain resting membrane potential because sodium
and potassium can leak out slowly. Leak channels allow specific ions to move through. Really
important to think about 3D configuration
Ion gated channels - (ANSWER)Ion channels allow ions to move through the plasma membrane
driven by electrochemical gradient. Ions do not like to have different concentrations across the
membrane
chemical gradient - (ANSWER)concentration gradient. If you have more sodium outside, it is
gonna want to move inside to where a lower concentration is
electrical gradient - (ANSWER)ions have electrical charge. Measure the inside. If inside is more
negative, this means electrical potential is negative
If you decrease the K+ concentration outside of the cell (hypokalemia), would lead to hyper- or
de- polarization? - (ANSWER)Since there is less potassium outside of the cell, potassium would
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
leak outside of the cell, thus becoming hyperpolarized
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
主题的中文文章？
definition of action potential - (ANSWER)a change in electrical potential
why does an AP not get smaller as it propagates? - (ANSWER)Nodes of ranvier are packed with
voltage gated sodium channels so it can leap down myelin sheath to these and get propagated.
Saltatory conduction
A stronger stimulus cannot generate a greater action potential, but it can increase the frequency
of action potentials generated in the trigger zone. Explain - (ANSWER)A stronger stimulus can
overcome the relative refractory period and make it fire even though it's harder to
EPSP - (ANSWER)make AP more likely to fire (sodium moving in)
Physiology II With Lab - Chamberlain
CNS - (ANSWER)brain and spinal cord
PNS - (ANSWER)Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory receptors)
somatic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of PNS
skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic because it is skeletal but
it is inside the body.
autonomic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of PNS
smooth (intestines, blood vessels) and cardiac (heart muscles) muscles, glands (cells or many
cells that can synthesize and secrete molecules to the body)
sympathetic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of ANS
fight or flight. NOREPINEPHRINE. Ganglia closer to spinal cord.
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
parasympathetic nervous system - (ANSWER)division of ANS
主题的中文文章？
rest and digest. ACETYLCHOLINE. Ganglia closer to organs
Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - (ANSWER)PNS
A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have on the resting
membrane potential? - (ANSWER)because there is already a high concentration of Na+ ions
outside of the neuron and eating the salt tablets won't really make a difference to the
concentration gradient. (taking a handful of sand and pouring it on the beach analogy)
, Why are potassium ions the major factors that determine the resting membrane potential? -
(ANSWER)Potassium ions have the greatest influence on the RMP because the plasma
membrane is more permeable to potassium than to any other ion (leak channels)
Leak channels - (ANSWER)these help to maintain resting membrane potential because sodium
and potassium can leak out slowly. Leak channels allow specific ions to move through. Really
important to think about 3D configuration
Ion gated channels - (ANSWER)Ion channels allow ions to move through the plasma membrane
driven by electrochemical gradient. Ions do not like to have different concentrations across the
membrane
chemical gradient - (ANSWER)concentration gradient. If you have more sodium outside, it is
gonna want to move inside to where a lower concentration is
electrical gradient - (ANSWER)ions have electrical charge. Measure the inside. If inside is more
negative, this means electrical potential is negative
If you decrease the K+ concentration outside of the cell (hypokalemia), would lead to hyper- or
de- polarization? - (ANSWER)Since there is less potassium outside of the cell, potassium would
你是想要一篇“眼睛容易阅读的”
leak outside of the cell, thus becoming hyperpolarized
中文文章，还是一篇关于“眼睛”
主题的中文文章？
definition of action potential - (ANSWER)a change in electrical potential
why does an AP not get smaller as it propagates? - (ANSWER)Nodes of ranvier are packed with
voltage gated sodium channels so it can leap down myelin sheath to these and get propagated.
Saltatory conduction
A stronger stimulus cannot generate a greater action potential, but it can increase the frequency
of action potentials generated in the trigger zone. Explain - (ANSWER)A stronger stimulus can
overcome the relative refractory period and make it fire even though it's harder to
EPSP - (ANSWER)make AP more likely to fire (sodium moving in)
