BIOS 251 Anatomy and Physiology 1
Final Exam Questions with Answers |
2025 LATEST UPDATED
Afferent Sensory Receptors
from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors
from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is
made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic
Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic
Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
Autonomic Tone
The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division
Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the
diaphragm.
,Divergent effect
One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors
Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
Adrenergic
Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic
Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic
At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1
Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2
Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, Beta 1
Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
Beta 2
Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
Beta 3
Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland
gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside of the body.
Endocrine gland
Gland that is ductless.
Paracrine
Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood stream.
Autocrine
Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Final Exam Questions with Answers |
2025 LATEST UPDATED
Afferent Sensory Receptors
from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors
from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is
made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic
Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic
Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
Autonomic Tone
The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division
Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the
diaphragm.
,Divergent effect
One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors
Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
Adrenergic
Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic
Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic
At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1
Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2
Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, Beta 1
Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
Beta 2
Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
Beta 3
Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland
gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside of the body.
Endocrine gland
Gland that is ductless.
Paracrine
Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood stream.
Autocrine
Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
