Summary 8.2

Summary #2 self-regulated learning & metacognition
Metacognition (MC)
= knowledge/awareness/understanding of one’s own thinking and learning process as well
as their regulation of those processes to enhance learning (and memory).
 Connected to the central executive
(= manager of learning that guides processing and monitors effectiveness of
processing)

e.g. of MC skills
- study skill & learning strategies
- assessment of one’s understanding
- problem solving
- assessment of what’s logical
- assessment of time needed (planning)

Development of MC knowledge/skill
 Happens with age
- with age more awareness of thinking 
e.g.; theory of mind (understanding of human psychological and internal nature) starts
developing (AGE 5-7); hereby kids develop awareness of own and others mental states. 
reflect on thought processes.
- with age more realistic about memory capabilities & limitations
e.g.; realization that memory is not perfect
- with age more awareness & use of learning strategies
e.g. use more (complex) LS; AGE 7-8 spontaneous rehearsal AGE 9-10, cumulative rehearsing
- with age more monitoring (of comprehension)
e.g. assessing own knowledge
- with age more conscious and deliberate learning process

this developmental increase in MC knowledge/skill may be due to
 neurological maturation
 larger working memory capacity.

+ MC  + achievement & school learning

Knowledge in MC
- Declarative knowledge
= knowing about different study & memory strategies and knowing which resources
must be employed.
- Procedural knowledge
= knowing how to use knowledge (skills, strategies, resources)
- Self-regulatory knowledge
= knowing conditions in which one uses specific strategies.