taxon - ANSWER group/level
Clades - ANSWER Ancestral species and ALL its descendants (not always a taxon)
Shared ancestral characteristics - ANSWER originate in an ancestor of taxon and
found in ALL descendants
sister taxa - ANSWER share a most common ancestor
Branch points - ANSWER where lineages diverge *note: branch length can indicate
time*
shared derived character - ANSWER evolutionary novelty unique to taxon (in one
species) but not in sister taxa (distinguishing)
Land plants derived traits (not found in charophytes) - ANSWER Alternation of
generation
Multicellular, dependent embryos
Multicellular gametangia
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Growth at apical meristems
Cuticle
Stomata
Land plants- alternation of generations - ANSWER Alternate btw multicellular
diploid form (sporophyte) and multicellular haploid form (gametophyte)
Sporophyte (2n)-meiosis->spore (n)-mitosis-> gametophyte->gametes(n)-
fertilization/fusion-> zygote (2n)--mitosis-> sporophyte
Land Plants- Multicellular, dependent embryos - ANSWER Fertilization happens on
female gametophyte (n)
Zygote (2n) grows by mitosis into embryo (2n)
Female gametophyte protects and provides for plant embryo
Land plants- Multicellular gametangia (what do archegonia and antheridia produce?)
- ANSWER Gametangia: plant organs on gametophyte that produce and protect
gametes
Archegonia produce eggs
Antheridia produce sperm
Land plants- walled spores produces in sporangia - ANSWER Walled spores w
tough/protective spore walls
Sporangia: protective spore producing sac
Land plants- cuticle - ANSWER Waxy covering
protects from desiccation (drying out) and microbial attacks
, Land plants- stomata - ANSWER Pores that can open/close
Allow for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
Reduces water loss (when closed)
Order/origin of plants - ANSWER Charophytes
origin of plants
Origin of vascular plants
origin of seed plants
Origin of flowers
bryophytes - ANSWER y evolutionary novelties: waxy cuticle and stomata
Shared derived traits: bigger/dominant gametophytes
Sporophytes are small and dependent
Gametophytes produce gametangia
Antheridia make flagellated sperm
Ecological importance of mosses - ANSWER Reduce nutrient loss from soil
Help stabilize CO2 levels in atmosphere
Ferns evolutionary novelties - ANSWER Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
roots
leaves
Specialized leaves: sporpylis
Vascular tissue - ANSWER Xylem: carry water and minerals, lignified
Phloem: distribute organic products
Significance of seedless vascular plants - ANSWER allowed plants to grow larger
Bigger plants= more photosynthesis= more O2 and less CO2
Atmospheric CO2 levels dropped, led to global cooling
Common features of BOTH gymnosperms and angiosperms - ANSWER dominant
sporophyte, reduced dependent gametophytes
Heterospory (2 different kinds of spores)
Ovules become seeds after fertilization
Pollen
Value of a seed - ANSWER Protection from: desication, temp, being digested when
eaten
Aids in dispersal (spread)
Pollen and advantages - ANSWER Male gametophyte that produces sperm
Advantages: no water needed to transfer sperm, sperm can travel far w help of
pollen
Clades - ANSWER Ancestral species and ALL its descendants (not always a taxon)
Shared ancestral characteristics - ANSWER originate in an ancestor of taxon and
found in ALL descendants
sister taxa - ANSWER share a most common ancestor
Branch points - ANSWER where lineages diverge *note: branch length can indicate
time*
shared derived character - ANSWER evolutionary novelty unique to taxon (in one
species) but not in sister taxa (distinguishing)
Land plants derived traits (not found in charophytes) - ANSWER Alternation of
generation
Multicellular, dependent embryos
Multicellular gametangia
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Growth at apical meristems
Cuticle
Stomata
Land plants- alternation of generations - ANSWER Alternate btw multicellular
diploid form (sporophyte) and multicellular haploid form (gametophyte)
Sporophyte (2n)-meiosis->spore (n)-mitosis-> gametophyte->gametes(n)-
fertilization/fusion-> zygote (2n)--mitosis-> sporophyte
Land Plants- Multicellular, dependent embryos - ANSWER Fertilization happens on
female gametophyte (n)
Zygote (2n) grows by mitosis into embryo (2n)
Female gametophyte protects and provides for plant embryo
Land plants- Multicellular gametangia (what do archegonia and antheridia produce?)
- ANSWER Gametangia: plant organs on gametophyte that produce and protect
gametes
Archegonia produce eggs
Antheridia produce sperm
Land plants- walled spores produces in sporangia - ANSWER Walled spores w
tough/protective spore walls
Sporangia: protective spore producing sac
Land plants- cuticle - ANSWER Waxy covering
protects from desiccation (drying out) and microbial attacks
, Land plants- stomata - ANSWER Pores that can open/close
Allow for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
Reduces water loss (when closed)
Order/origin of plants - ANSWER Charophytes
origin of plants
Origin of vascular plants
origin of seed plants
Origin of flowers
bryophytes - ANSWER y evolutionary novelties: waxy cuticle and stomata
Shared derived traits: bigger/dominant gametophytes
Sporophytes are small and dependent
Gametophytes produce gametangia
Antheridia make flagellated sperm
Ecological importance of mosses - ANSWER Reduce nutrient loss from soil
Help stabilize CO2 levels in atmosphere
Ferns evolutionary novelties - ANSWER Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
roots
leaves
Specialized leaves: sporpylis
Vascular tissue - ANSWER Xylem: carry water and minerals, lignified
Phloem: distribute organic products
Significance of seedless vascular plants - ANSWER allowed plants to grow larger
Bigger plants= more photosynthesis= more O2 and less CO2
Atmospheric CO2 levels dropped, led to global cooling
Common features of BOTH gymnosperms and angiosperms - ANSWER dominant
sporophyte, reduced dependent gametophytes
Heterospory (2 different kinds of spores)
Ovules become seeds after fertilization
Pollen
Value of a seed - ANSWER Protection from: desication, temp, being digested when
eaten
Aids in dispersal (spread)
Pollen and advantages - ANSWER Male gametophyte that produces sperm
Advantages: no water needed to transfer sperm, sperm can travel far w help of
pollen
